Item number: A909-1

Reference number: DCD#96-2

Year: AD 1039-1054

Material: Bronze

Size: 24.9 x 24.6 x 0.6 mm

Weight: 3.2g

Provenance:

1. Noonans 2022

2. D. L. F. Sealy Collection

This specimen is the Huangsong Tongbao, a dynastic title coinage cast between AD 1039 and 1054 (the second year of the Baoyuan era to the sixth year of the Huangyou era) during the reign of Emperor Renzong, the fourth monarch of the Northern Song Dynasty. While the numismatic inscriptions of successive dynasties typically prioritised era names (nianhao), the Northern Song presented two notable exceptions: the Songyuan Tongbao and the Huangsong Tongbao. The former arguably followed the tradition of dynastic title coinage established during the founding of the states in the Five Dynasties period, whereas the latter was issued specifically to avoid the repetitive use of the character Bao (treasure) within the era name. During his forty-one-year reign, Zhao Zhen, known as Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty, utilised nine distinct era names.

The physical form of the coin conforms to the traditional round shape with a square central perforation characteristic of the Sinospheric cultural orbit. The obverse inscription features the characters Huangsong Tongbao in regular script (kaishu), read top-to-bottom and right-to-left. The character Tong is notably narrow in its execution. The reverse of the coin is of the guangbei (plain back) type, with a contour that is nearly flat and entirely devoid of denominations or inscriptions; furthermore, the reverse exhibits a slight axial offset towards the upper right.

Zhao Zhen (Emperor Renzong), who reigned from AD 1022 to 1063, was the fourth emperor of the Northern Song. His reign was characterised by stable national strength and relative social prosperity, a period historiographically lauded as the “Minor Golden Age of Renzong” (Renzong Shengzhi). Politically, he championed civilian governance (wenzhi) and appointed eminent officials such as Fan Zhongyan, Bao Zheng, Han Qi, and Ouyang Xiu. He promoted reforms in the imperial examination system and administrative institutions which, despite frequent opposition from conservative factions, laid the foundation for the subsequent Xining Reforms. Renowned for his leniency and benevolence, Renzong was tolerant of his subordinates and receptive to remonstrance; although factional struggles emerged under his rule, the overall political situation remained stable. During his tenure, he personally adjudicated numerous miscarriages of justice and advocated for Confucianism and frugality. In foreign policy, he maintained peace treaties with the Liao and Western Xia dynasties, opting to secure frontier stability through the payment of annual subsidies (suibi) rather than large-scale warfare, thereby establishing the steady geopolitical landscape of the mid-Northern Song.

The monetary system of the Song Dynasties was remarkably complex. Officially circulated currency utilised both copper and iron as primary metallic media, which functioned alongside paper currency. Concurrently, silver gradually assumed a position of significant importance. Copper coins were issued in denominations ranging from a value of one (zheyī) to ten (zheshí). Various circuits (lu) minted coins according to local demand; some regions utilised only copper, some only iron, and others a bimetallic combination. The calligraphic styles employed on these coins were diverse, encompassing regular, clerical, seal, and slender gold scripts. The simultaneous issuance of coinage in multiple calligraphic styles originated with the Chunhua Yuanbao under Emperor Taizong. However, the introduction of “matched sets” (duiqian)—series of coins with identical dimensions and designs but rendered in different calligraphic scripts—largely commenced with the Tiansheng Yuanbao during the reign of Emperor Renzong.

物件編號: A909-1

參考書目編號: DCD#96-2

年代: 公元 1039-1054年

材質: 青銅

尺寸: 24.9 x 24.6 x 0.6 mm

重量: 3.2g

來源:

1. 諾南斯 2022

2. 大衛.萊斯利.福布斯.西利舊藏

這是北宋的第四位皇帝宋仁宗，於寶元二年至皇祐六年(公元1039至1054年)所鑄造的國號錢「皇宋通寶」。歷朝歷代錢文均以年號為主，北宋惟有「宋元通寶」、「皇宋通寶」二例外，「宋元通寶」大約是承五代列國開國的國號錢傳統，「皇宋通寶」則是為避「寶」字的重故。宋朝宋仁宗趙禎在位的41年間，先後使用過九個年號。

錢幣形制為漢文化圈傳統的方孔圓錢。正面錢文為楷書「皇宋通寶」，自上而下，由右而左對讀。「通」字較窄。錢幣背面為光背，輪廓近乎平夷，無任何面額與文字，且向右上偏軸。

宋仁宗趙禎，公元1022–1063年在位，為北宋第四位皇帝。仁宗統治時期國力穩定，社會相對繁榮，史稱「仁宗盛治」。政治上，他推崇文治，重用范仲淹、包拯、韓琦、歐陽修等名臣，推動科舉與制度改革，雖屢遭保守勢力反對，但為後世熙寧變法奠定基礎。仁宗性格寬厚仁慈，對臣下多寬容，善於納諫，儘管治下黨爭時起，但整體政局安定。他任內多次親自裁決冤獄，並提倡儒學與節儉。在外交上，最終決定與遼、西夏維持和議，避免大規模戰爭，透過歲幣換取邊境和平，形成北宋中期的穩定局面。

兩宋幣制複雜，正式行用的幣材便有銅鐵兩種，配合紙幣相權。白銀則逐漸佔有重要地位。銅幣面額折一至折十不等。各路依需求各自鑄錢，有些只用銅錢，有些只用鐵錢，有些銅鐵兼用。字體則楷書、隸書、篆書、瘦金體等不一而足。首度同時發行多書體錢幣，自太宗淳化元寶始，而首度發行對錢，即形制相仿但書體不同的系列錢幣，大概自仁宗天聖元寶始。