Item number: A1408

Year: AD 1854

Material: Gold

Size: 21.2 x 21.2 mm

Manufactured by: Rome

Provenance: Fuchin Coin 2024

This is a 5 Scudi gold coin minted during the pontificate of Pope Pius IX in the Papal States. On the obverse, the coin features a profile portrait of Pope Pius IX at its centre, with Latin inscriptions encircling the portrait: PIVS IX (Pius IX), PONT. MAX. (Pontifex Maximus, or Supreme Pontiff), and AN. IX (Year IX), indicating the ninth year of his papacy. The letter “R” at the bottom denotes Rome as the minting location.

On the reverse, the coin bears the denomination “5 SCVDI” (5 Scudi) and the year 1854, both surrounded by a laurel wreath. The edge of the coin is designed with a reeded pattern.

In Italian, “Scudi” is the plural form of “Scudo”, the primary currency used in the Papal States. One Scudo was equivalent to 100 Baiocchi, with each Baiocco further subdivided into 5 Quattrini. Historically, Scudi were minted in various metals, including gold, silver, and copper, with a gradual preference for more precious metals in later years. The first silver Scudo was issued by Pope Sixtus V in 1588.

After ascending to the papacy in 1846, Pope Pius IX faced the challenge of the burgeoning Italian unification movement. By 1870, following the withdrawal of French protection, the Kingdom of Italy captured Rome, marking the unification of the Italian peninsula. Pope Pius IX subsequently retreated to the Apostolic Palace in Vatican City, assuming the status of the “Prisoner in the Vatican.” The situation persisted until 1929, when Pope Pius XI signed the Lateran Treaty with Benito Mussolini, the then-dictator of Italy, establishing the sovereignty of the Holy See over Vatican City, the world’s smallest independent state.

物件編號: A1408

年代: 公元 1854 年

材質: 黃金

尺寸: 21.2 x 21.2 mm

製造地: 羅馬

來源: 福君錢幣 2024

這是一枚於教皇國庇護九世在位期間所鑄造的「5斯庫迪」金幣，錢幣的正面中央為時任教皇庇護九世之側面頭像，環繞著頭像的銘文則用拉丁文寫著: 庇護九世(PIVS‧IX)、最高教長(PONT‧MAX)、第九年(AN‧IX)，第9年指的是庇護九世擔任教皇的第9年，而底下的R記號則為鑄造地點羅馬的縮寫。背面中央則有寫著錢幣面額及年份的銘文: 5斯庫迪(5 SCVDI)、1854，並有月桂花環環繞銘文，錢幣邊緣則為齒狀設計。

「斯庫迪」(Scudi)在義大利文中是「斯庫多」(Scudo)的複數型態，「斯庫多」是教皇國主要流通貨幣，其幣值為100個拜奧奇（Baiocchi），1個拜奧奇則值5夸特里尼（Quattrini）。歷代的「斯庫多」所使用的金屬包含金、銀、銅，時間越接近現代，便越傾向使用昂貴的金屬。最早的銀製「斯庫多」由西斯篤五世在公元1588年鑄造。

公元1846年成為教宗後，庇護九世的首要挑戰是風起雲湧的義大利統一運動。公元1870年失去法國的保護後，教皇國首都羅馬被義大利王國攻克標示半島的統一。教宗則退入羅馬西北角的梵蒂岡宮成為「梵蒂岡之囚」。直到公元1929年，在庇護十一世任內跟義大利獨裁者墨索里尼簽訂《拉特朗條約》，確立羅馬天主教會對於梵蒂岡宮的主權，即世界最迷你主權國家梵蒂岡。