Item number: A1581

Year: AD 1819

Material: Copper

Size: 31.5 x 31.7 x 1.6 mm

Weight: 11.0 g

Manufactured by: Jubia Mint

Provenance: Fuchin Coin 2016

This is an 8 maravedí copper coin minted in AD 1819 by the Jubia Mint (Casa de Moneda de Jubia/Xuvia) and issued in the name of King Ferdinand VII of Spain. At the time, 1 maravedí was approximately equivalent to 34 reales in silver coinage, while 40 reales were roughly equal to 1 escudo in gold coinage.

The obverse of the coin features a portrait of Ferdinand VII, wearing a laurel wreath and facing right. This distinguishes it from the first version of the coin, in which the king is depicted without a laurel wreath. Surrounding the portrait is the Latin inscription “FERDIN · VII· D · G · HISP · REX”, an abbreviation of “Ferdinand VII Dei Gratia Hispaniarum Rex”, meaning “Ferdinand VII, by the Grace of God, King of Spain.” On the left side, the letter “J” denotes the mintmark of the Jubia Mint, while on the right, the numeral “8” indicates the coin’s denomination of 8 maravedís. Below, the year “1819” is inscribed, marking its year of issue.

The reverse of the coin presents a simplified version of the Spanish coat of arms, divided into four quadrants by a cross. The arms of the cross may be derived from the Bourbon fleur-de-lis, or they may symbolise the Victory Cross (Cruz de la Victoria) of the Kingdom of Asturias. The top-left and bottom-right quadrants feature three-towered castles, representing the Kingdom of Castile, while the top-right and bottom-left quadrants display crowned rampant lions, symbolising the Kingdom of León. At the centre, an oval escutcheon bears three fleurs-de-lis, signifying the House of Bourbon. A wreath encircles the coat of arms. This coin was designed by the engraver Félix Sagau y Dalmau de Galcerán.

In AD 1819, Spain was undergoing a period of political turmoil and imperial decline. After Ferdinand VII’s restoration to the throne in AD 1814, he abolished the Constitution of 1812 (Constitución española de 1812), which had been draughted by the Cádiz Cortes during Napoleon’s occupation, and reinstated absolute monarchy, suppressing liberal factions. Meanwhile, Spain was facing severe economic decline due to political instability, the Napoleonic Wars, and the weakening of colonial control, exacerbating fiscal distress and internal conflicts.

Since the early 1810s, the power vacuum created by the Napoleonic Wars, coupled with the spread of Enlightenment ideals, had triggered wars of independence across Latin America. Argentina and Chile had already secured independence. In AD 1819, Spain suffered a decisive defeat at the Battle of Boyacá (Batalla de Boyacá) against Simón Bolívar, marking the independence of Gran Colombia. Over the following decade, Mexico, Peru, and Bolivia also achieved independence, leading to Spain’s near-total loss of its American territories.

Domestically, only months after this coin was minted, the political struggle between constitutional liberals and absolutists intensified, culminating in a military uprising in January 1820. This forced Ferdinand VII to reinstate constitutional rule, ushering in a period known as the Trienio Liberal (1820–1823). However, in AD 1823, Ferdinand VII invited French military intervention, which crushed the liberal government and restored his absolute rule. While the Spanish monarchy regained power, the global Spanish Empire was irreversibly diminished, and unresolved internal conflicts foreshadowed future civil wars and unrest.

The Jubia Mint was established in AD 1790 as a factory for producing copper components for ships. During the Napoleonic Wars, the Segovia Mint (Casa de Moneda de Segovia) fell under the control of King Joseph Bonaparte. Consequently, King Ferdinand VII repurposed the Jubia Mint for minting copper coinage, ensuring that currency continued to be issued in the name of the legitimate monarch. However, following the recapture of the Segovia Mint in AD 1815, the importance of the Jubia Mint declined, and it gradually ceased coin production.

物件編號: A1581

年代: 公元 1819 年

材質: 紅銅

尺寸: 31.5 x 31.7 x 1.6 mm

重量: 11.0 g

製造地: 茱比亞鑄幣廠

來源: 福君錢幣 2016

這是一枚公元1819年，由茱比亞鑄幣廠(Casa de Moneda de Jubia/Xuvia)鑄造，以西班牙國王斐迪南七世之名義發行的8馬拉威迪銅幣。在當時，1馬拉威迪銅幣約等於34雷亞爾銀幣，40雷亞爾銀幣約等於1埃斯庫多金幣。

銅幣的正面為斐迪南七世的肖像，頭戴桂冠，面朝右，有別於未配戴桂冠的第一版銅幣肖像。周圍環繞著拉丁簡寫「FERDIN · VII· D · G · HISP · REX」，即「Ferdinand VII Dei Gratia Hispaniarum Rex」，意為「斐迪南七世，蒙上帝恩典的西班牙國王」。左側的「J」為茱比亞鑄幣廠的鑄幣標記，右側的「8」為幣值8馬拉威迪，下方「1819」標示了發行年。

銅幣的背面為簡易的西班牙國徽，以十字分為四個部分，十字四臂的紋樣可能來自波旁王室的鳶尾花，也可能暗示了阿斯圖里亞斯王國的勝利十字(Cruz de la Victoria)。左上與右下的部分為三座尖頂的塔樓，代表卡斯提爾王國。右上與左下的部分則是戴冠人立的雄獅，代表里昂王國。中央橢圓小盾徽上的三朵鳶尾花，則是代表了波旁王室。國徽周圍則環繞著花環。該硬幣為雕刻師費利克斯·薩高·伊·達爾瑪烏·德·加爾塞蘭(Félix Sagau y Dalmau de Galcerán)所設計。

公元1819年的西班牙正處於政治動盪與殖民帝國衰弱的關鍵時期，斐迪南七世於公元1814年復辟後，推翻其缺位時，卡迪斯議會於拿破崙戰爭期間自行制定的《1812年憲法(Constitución española de 1812)》，恢復專制統治並鎮壓自由派。同時，西班牙因政治動盪、拿破崙戰爭、殖民地失控等原因，經濟衰退，財政困難，社會矛盾加劇。

公元1810年代起，因拿破崙戰爭造成的權力真空，以及啟蒙思潮的傳播，拉丁美洲各地爆發獨立戰爭，阿根廷與智利相繼獨立。公元1819年，西班牙於波亞卡戰役(Batalla de Boyacá)敗於西蒙·玻立瓦(Simon Bolívar)，標誌著大哥倫比亞(Gran Colombia)的獨立。此後十年間，墨西哥、祕魯、玻利維亞也相繼獨立，西班牙幾乎喪失所有美洲殖民地。

國內，在該枚銅幣鑄造的幾個月後，自由憲政與專制王權派別的政治鬥爭加劇，直接導致了公元1820年1月的軍事政變，迫使斐迪南七世恢復憲政，史稱「自由三年(Trienio Liberal)」，直到公元1823年，斐迪南七世引法軍出兵干預，推翻自由派政府。西班牙王權重祚，但全球帝國一去不返，內部的矛盾未決，也為日後的內戰與動盪埋下伏筆。

茱比亞鑄幣廠於公元1790年建立，原先為船隻銅部件的生產工廠。拿破崙戰爭期間，由於塞哥維亞鑄幣廠(Segovia Mint)由西班牙國王約瑟夫·波拿巴控制，因此，西班牙國王斐迪南七世將茱比亞鑄幣廠轉為鑄造銅幣，以提供來自「合法」國王的貨幣。公元1815年，塞哥維亞鑄幣廠收復後，茱比亞重要性降低，逐漸停止鑄造硬幣。