Sumatra Samudera Pasai Sultanate

Sultan Malikus Saleh

gold coin

蘇門答臘 蘇木都剌國

蘇丹馬利庫斯·薩里赫

金幣

Item number: A1533

Year: AD 1267-1297

Material: Gold

Size: 10.7 x 10.6 x 0.5 mm

Weight: 0.55 g

Provenance: Da Chen Stamps and Coins Collection 2014

This is a gold coin attributed to Malikus Saleh, the first sultan of the Samudera Pasai Sultanate, located in northern Sumatra, Indonesia. According to the Malay chronicle Chronicle of the Kings of Pasai, the coin was minted during his reign from AD 1267 to AD 1297.

The gold coin is adorned with a single beaded circle on both the obverse and reverse. The obverse side features two lines of Arabic inscriptions, indicating the religious title “الملك” (al-Malik, meaning “The King” or “The Master”) and the personal name “الصالح” (al-Salih).

The reverse side bears the title “السلطان” (al-Sultan, meaning “The Sultan”) and “العادل” (al-Adil, meaning “The Just”). Together, the inscriptions form the full royal title: “The Just Sultan” (al-Sultan al-Adil).

According to historical records, Malikus Saleh is credited as the founder of the name “Sumatra” and is recognised as the first ruler on the island to convert to Islam.

Although he is traditionally recorded as the first Sultan of the Samudera Pasai Sultanate, some historical sources and scholars argue that his elder brother, Ahmad I, was the true founder of the kingdom in practise.

The Sultanate of Samudera Pasai existed from the 13th to the 16th centuries and was an Islamic sultanate located on the northern coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. As one of the Sultanates situated at river mouths, the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai emerged as a crucial nexus for trade between the East and the West, facilitating trade networks with Arabia, India, and China.

The state actively issued gold coins for trade, with pepper serving as the primary commodity, thereby stimulating the overall economic prosperity of the nation. This flourishing trade activity attracted merchants from both within and outside the archipelago.

In the mid-14th century, the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai faced invasion and plunder by the Majapahit Empire. However, it managed to recover and maintain its dominant position in regional trade. Notably, in the mid-15th century, the renowned Chinese explorer Zheng He visited this country.

However, by the year AD 1524, the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai was brought to an end by the expansionist rule of the Sultanate of Aceh. Nevertheless, despite its brief history, the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai left a profound impact on the region.

物件編號: A1533

年代: 公元 1267-1297 年

材質: 黃金

尺寸: 10.7 x 10.6 x 0.5 mm

重量: 0.55 g

來源: 大城郵幣社 2014

這是在馬來文編年史《八昔國王編年史》 (Chronicle of the Kings of Pasai) 中,被視為印尼蘇門答臘島北部的蘇木都剌國首任蘇丹馬利庫斯·薩里赫,其統治期間 (公元1267至1297年) 鑄造的金幣。

金幣正反兩面皆以一道珠圈作為裝飾,正面的兩行阿拉伯銘文,分別標示宗教頭銜「الملك」(馬立克,即老師) 和名諱「الصالح」(薩里赫)。錢幣背面則是頭銜「السلطان」(蘇丹) 和「العادل」(公正),合在一起是完整的頭銜「公正的蘇丹」。

根據文獻的記載,馬利庫斯·薩里赫是蘇門答臘這個地名的創始人,同時他也是島上第一位皈依伊斯蘭信仰的統治者。雖然馬利庫斯·薩里赫被記載為蘇木都剌國的首任蘇丹,但有些文獻和學者卻認為他的兄長艾哈邁德一世才是王國實質的開創者。

蘇木都剌國,存在於公元13到公元16世紀,是位於印尼蘇門答臘島北部海岸的一個伊斯蘭蘇丹國。作為位於河口的蘇丹國之一,蘇木都剌國成為當時東西方貿易的重要樞紐,連接著阿拉伯、印度和中國的貿易網絡。 

該國積極發行金幣進行交易,以胡椒作為主要貿易商品,促進了國家整體經濟的繁榮。這種蓬勃的貿易活動吸引了來自群島內外的商人。 

在公元14世紀中期,蘇木都剌國面臨來自滿者伯夷帝國的入侵和掠奪,但它成功地恢復了並保持了對區域貿易的主導地位。值得注意的是,在公元15世紀中葉,著名的中國探險家鄭和曾訪問過這個國家。 

然而,到了公元1524年,蘇木都剌國被亞齊蘇丹國的擴張統治所終結。儘管如此,蘇木都剌國在其短暫的歷史中仍然留下了深遠的影響。 

類似/相同物件 請看:

蘇門達臘錢幣博物館 Sumatran Numismatic Museum

伊斯蘭蘇木都剌博物館 Islamic Museum Samudera Pasai

更多相關訊息請參考:

Leyten, J. (2004). A Catalogue of the Gold Coins of Samudra Pasai and Acheh; their origin, name, and weight, in a historical context.

https://www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia/Islamic-influence-in-Indonesia#ref988433

Mead, J. P. (1 January 1914). “A Romanized Version of the Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai”. Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (66)

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