Item number: M404

Year: AD 1847-1883

Material: Gold

Size: 24.2 x 24.2 x 0.8 mm

Weight: 7.3 g

Provenance: Beaussant Lefèvre 2024

This is a medal called “Tu Duc Tongbao,” awarded during the reign of Emperor Tu Duc of the Nguyen Dynasty of Vietnam, from AD 1847 to AD 1883.

The gold medal is designed in the shape of a square-holed coin. The obverse features the four Chinese characters “Tu Duc Tongbao” inscribed in the order of “up, down, right, left.” “Tu Duc” refers to the reign title of the emperor, while “Tongbao” is the term for currency used in China since the Tang Dynasty, and this coin type was adopted by other East Asian cultures such as Vietnam, Korea, and Japan, reflecting the profound influence of Chinese culture on Vietnam. The reverse of the medal is engraved with the phrase “使民富壽,” which originates from a conversation between Confucius and Duke Ai of Lu. It expresses the hope that the ruler would bring prosperity and longevity to the people.

The upper and lower edges of the medal each have a hole. A purple-red cord is threaded through the hole at the upper edge, while a light blue knot is tied at the lower edge, connecting three tassells in yellow, purple-red, and light blue.

The “Tu Duc Tongbao” medal bears a striking resemblance to coins, leading to its local designation in Vietnam as “Tien” and its designation by the French colonialists as the “Coin of Honour.” The presence of the characters “Tongbao” on the medal often leads collectors to mistake it for a coin. But there is still the possibility for precious metal-made “Tien” to be used as circulating currency. The presence of slanted lines is the primary characteristic indicating its use as circulating currency. Currencies during the Nguyen Dynasty in Vietnam were heavily influenced by Chinese practises. Commonly circulated coins were made of cheap metals like copper or zinc and typically featured square holes. Precious metals like gold or silver were often shaped into rectangular ingots called “Nen,” with the reign title printed in Chinese characters on top. In the 18th century, during the influx of Spanish and Mexican silver dollars into the Far East, Vietnam initially continued the practise of recasting them into “Nen,” before gradually introducing silver or gold “Tien.”

During the Nguyen Dynasty, gold and silver “Tiens” were typically minted by the royal court to honour and appease civil and military officials. Additionally, on special occasions such as New Year, the Song Shan Festival dedicated to elders, or the emperor’s 50th, 60th, and 70th birthdays, “Tien” coins were also awarded as commemorative and reward tokens. For square-holed “Tien” coins, recipients could directly thread a rope through the central hole for wearing, often adorned with tassells as decorations.

Before the Nguyen Dynasty ruled Vietnam, there may have been a similar system of awards and medals, but there is a lack of precise records about it. It was not until the arrival of the French in Vietnam in AD 1840 that Europeans first documented a medal reward system resembling Western practises in the imperial court of Hue during the Nguyen Dynasty.

Based on the metal material, one can roughly determine the rank of the “Tien.” The highest rank, known as “Kim Tien” (Gold Tien), has four levels. In the early period of the Nguyen Dynasty, they were made of real gold, but later they gradually shifted to gold plating or basic metals. The next level, “Ngan Tien” (Silver Tien), sometimes follows European practises by indicating rank differences, but many “Silver Tiens” mainly display the regnal year of the emperor without specific rank distinctions.

During the reign of Emperor Tu Duc, Vietnam began to face increasing encroachment from the south by the French, marking a crucial turning point in Vietnam’s modern history. In July AD 1883, shortly after Emperor Tu Duc’s passing, the Nguyen Dynasty plunged into internal turmoil. Seising this opportunity, France escalated its military actions against Vietnam, leading to a conflict with Vietnam’s suzerain, the Qing Empire, in December of the same year. This conflict culminated in the Sino-French War, which lasted until AD 1887. Despite several victories for the Qing forces in Vietnam, they were ultimately forced to acknowledge French control over Vietnam through diplomatic negotiations.

As a result, Vietnam became a colony of France. The royal family of Nguyen Dynasty became puppets of foreign powers, a situation that persisted until the last emperor, Bao Dai, abdicated in AD 1945.

物件編號: M404

年代: 公元 1847-1883 年

材質: 黃金

尺寸: 24.2 x 24.2 x 0.8 mm

重量: 7.3 g

來源: 博桑李費佛拍賣行 2024

這是一枚公元1847至1883年間，越南阮朝的嗣德帝在位期間頒發的「嗣德通寶」獎章。該金質獎章外觀為方孔錢，正面按「上下右左」順序，依序刻有「嗣德通寶」四個漢字。「嗣德」是皇帝年號；「通寶」則是中國自唐朝以來採納的錢幣稱呼，此型制的錢幣為越南、韓國和日本等東亞文化圈採納，可見中華文化對越南的深遠影響。獎章背面鐫刻「使民富壽」這四個字出自孔子和魯哀公的談話，即期許君王能使子民富裕和長壽。

獎章上緣和下緣各打了一個孔洞，上緣穿繫紫紅色的繩索，下緣有一個淡藍色的結，銜接黃色、紫紅色和淡藍色的三副流蘇。

「嗣德通寶」外表和錢幣非常相似，該型制的獎章在越南當地稱作「錢(Tien)」，後續殖民越南的法國人稱其為「榮譽錢幣」。由於該獎章有「通寶」二字，故許多收藏家將其判斷為錢幣。不過貴金屬製成的「錢」仍有用作流通貨幣的機會，若邊緣具有邊齒便是作為流通貨幣的最大特徵。阮朝的貨幣受到中國影響，民間流通的貨幣以銅或鋅等賤金屬鑄造，並且外觀以方孔錢為主。黃金或白銀等貴金屬，朝廷或商家則習慣將其製作成稱為「年 (Nen)」的矩形金塊，在上方以漢字打印年號。公元18世紀，西班牙和墨西哥銀元大舉湧入遠東之際，越南起先仍習慣將其重鑄為「年」，後續才逐漸出現銀或金質的「錢」。

阮朝宮廷以黃金和白銀鑄造「錢」的時機，多半是犒賞或安撫文武官的榮譽獎勵。除此之外在特殊慶典，例如：新年、主旨是敬老的頌神節或皇帝的50、60和70歲大壽上也會頒發「錢」作為紀念和犒賞。方孔錢型制的「錢」，受獎者能直接以繩子穿繫中央的孔洞配戴，並且往往搭配流蘇作裝飾。

儘管在阮朝統治越南以前，當地可能就有類似歐洲的獎章制度卻苦於缺乏確切紀錄。直到公元1840年，法國人抵達越南後，歐洲人才首次記載阮朝在順化的宮廷中，有一套類似西方的獎章獎勵機制。從金屬材質就能大致判斷「錢」的等級，最高等的「金錢(Kim Tien)」有四級，在阮朝早期以真金製成，到後期逐漸改為鍍金或基本金屬。次一等的「銀錢(Ngan Tien)」，有些效法歐洲標明等級差異外，更多的「銀錢」僅有標示皇帝年號。

嗣德帝在位期間，越南開始受到自國境南方而來的法國步步蠶食，見證越南近代歷史的重要轉捩點。公元1883年7月，阮朝在嗣德帝駕崩不久便陷入內鬨，法國順勢擴大對越南的軍事行動，並在同年12月跟越南的宗主國清帝國爆發衝突。這場中法戰爭持續至公元1887年，即便清軍在越南戰場獲得多起勝利，最終於外交談判上仍被迫承認法國對於越南的控制。自此越南淪為法國的殖民地，阮朝皇室也淪為外國的傀儡，直到末代皇帝保大於公元1945年宣布退位為止。