Item number: A1830

Year: AD 1909

Material: Gold (.900)

Size: 17.4 x 17.4 mm

Weight: 3.3875 g

Manufactured by: Austrian Mint, Vienna

Provenance: Fuchin Coin 2024

This is a gold coin with a face value of 10 Corona (Kronen), issued in the name of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria-Hungary in AD 1909.

The obverse features a right-facing portrait of Franz Joseph I. Encircling the portrait is the Latin inscription “FRANC · IOS · I · D · G · IMP · AVSTR · REX · BOH · GAL · ILL · ETC · ET · AP · REX · HVNG,” which stands for “Franciscus Josephus I Dei Gratia Imperator Austriae Rex Bohemiae Galiciae Illyriae Etc Et Apostolicae Rex Hungariae,” translating to “Franz Joseph I, by the grace of God, Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, Galicia, Illyria, etc., and Apostolic King of Hungary.” Bohemia corresponds to present-day Czechia, Galicia encompasses parts of modern Poland and Ukraine, and Illyria includes regions of present-day Croatia and Slovenia. The obverse was designed by Austrian sculptors Rudolf Marschall (AD 1873–1967) and Rudolf Neuberger (AD 1861–1916). Marschall, during his studies at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts, was mentored by Josef Tautenhayn and specialised in the creation of medals, portrait reliefs, and plaques. In AD 1903, he was appointed Court Medal Sculptor, followed by a professorship at the Academy the subsequent year. In AD 1905, he assumed the position of Director of the School of Engraving, a post he held until his retirement. Neuberger, from AD 1905, served as the Chief Engraver of the Austrian Mint.

The reverse of the coin prominently displays the imperial coat of arms of Austria. At the centre is the shield of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty, vertically divided into three sections. The left section features a crowned rampant lion, representing the original Habsburg County. The central section, with vertical stripes, a horizontal band, and vertical stripes, symbolises the red-white-red colours of the Duchy of Austria. The right section bears three eagles arranged diagonally, signifying the Duchy of Lorraine. Encircling the shield is the collar of the Order of the Golden Fleece, while the shield itself rests upon the chest of the imperial double-headed eagle with outstretched wings and protruding tongues. Each head of the eagle is adorned with a circular Holy Roman Imperial Crown (Bügelkrone), above which hover the Austrian crown and sash. The eagle’s talons grasp a sword and sceptre in one, and an orb surmounted by a cross in the other, symbolising divine kingship. On either side of the eagle’s tail feathers, the numerals “10” and “COR.” indicate the denomination of “10 Kronen.” The upper portion of the reverse bears the Latin inscription “X CORONÆ MDCCCCIX,” denoting “10 Kronen” and the minting year, “1909.” The reverse was designed by Austrian sculptors Anton Scharf (AD 1845–1903) and Rudolf Neuberger. Scharf was renowned for his medallic designs, introducing a broader thematic scope and a more dynamic sculptural style, thus breaking away from the rigid and static portrayal of figures prevalent at the time. From AD 1881, he served as the Director of the Vienna School of Engraving. In AD 1892, he contributed to the design of the new “Krone” coinage.

In AD 1892, Austria-Hungary implemented a monetary reform transitioning from the silver standard to the gold standard, aiming to stabilise the currency and align with the monetary systems of other major European economies. The reform introduced the Austro-Hungarian Krone (Krone/Korona/Corona) as the new currency, with 1 Krone containing 0.30488 grams of pure gold. It replaced the previous Gulden at an exchange rate of 1 Krone = 0.5 Gulden/Rhenish Florin. The Austro-Hungarian Bank was responsible for administering the new currency, while Austria and Hungary separately oversaw its issuance within their respective territories. This reform bolstered international trade and investment confidence, integrating Austria-Hungary into the European gold standard system and enhancing economic stability. However, it also constrained the flexibility of the money supply, adversely affecting farmers and labourers during economic downturns. The 10 Kronen gold coin was intermittently minted from AD 1892 to AD 1912, but this particular design was only produced in AD 1909. In AD 1925, due to severe post-war hyperinflation, the Krone was replaced by the Schilling.

Franz Joseph I was Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, ascending to the throne in AD 1848 and reigning until his death in AD 1916, a span of 68 years, making him one of the longest-reigning monarchs in European history. His reign witnessed the twilight of monarchic rule. He assumed the throne amidst significant upheavals, notably the revolutions of AD 1848, which swept across multiple European nations, demanding liberty and national independence. During his reign, Austria participated in the Crimean War (AD 1853–1856), extending its influence into the Danubian Principalities at the cost of deteriorating Austro-Russian relations. In AD 1866, Austria’s defeat in the Austro-Prussian War diminished its influence over the German states. Hungarian nationalists capitalised on Austria’s weakened position, leading to the transformation of the Austrian Empire into the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. In AD 1870, Italian unification resulted in Austria losing nearly all its Italian territories. Following the Congress of Berlin in AD 1878, Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina, initiating direct rule over these provinces while the Ottoman Empire remained the nominal suzerain. In AD 1908, Austria-Hungary formally annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, provoking hostility from Serbia and Russia and escalating tensions in the Balkans.

Beyond the empire’s decline, Franz Joseph I’s later years were marked by personal tragedies. In AD 1867, his brother Maximilian was overthrown and executed while serving as Emperor of Mexico. In AD 1889, his only son and heir, Crown Prince Rudolf, died by suicide. In AD 1896, his second brother died suddenly while on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. In AD 1898, his wife, Empress Elisabeth, was assassinated. In AD 1914, his nephew and heir presumptive, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated in Sarajevo, an event known as the “Sarajevo Incident.” This assassination prompted Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia, setting off a chain reaction that ultimately led to the outbreak of the First World War.

物件編號: A1830

年代: 公元 1909 年

材質: 黃金 (900‰)

尺寸: 17.4 x 17.4 mm

重量: 3.3875 g

製造地: 奧地利鑄幣廠，維也納

來源: 福君錢幣 2024

這是一枚公元1909年，以奧匈帝國皇帝法蘭茲·約瑟夫一世之名發行，幣值為10克朗的金幣。

金幣的正面，為法蘭茲·約瑟夫一世右側肖像。周圍環繞著拉丁文簡寫「FRANC · IOS · I · D · G · IMP · AVSTR · REX · BOH · GAL · ILL · ETC · ET · AP · REX · HVNG」，即「Franciscus Josephus I Dei Gratia Imperator Austriae Rex Bohemiae Galiciae Illyriae Etc Et Apostolicae Rex Hungariae」，意為「法蘭茲·約瑟夫，蒙上帝恩典，奧地利皇帝，與波希米亞、加利西亞、伊利里亞等地，與匈牙利的使徒國王」。波希米亞為今捷克地區；加利西亞為今波蘭與烏克蘭之一部；伊利里亞為今克羅埃西亞、斯洛維尼亞等地。正面的設計者為奧地利雕塑家魯道夫·馬歇爾(Rudolf Marschall)(AD1873-1967)與魯道夫·諾伊貝格(Rudolf Neuberger)(AD1861-1916)，馬歇爾於維也納美術學院就學期間，師從約瑟夫‧陶滕海因(Josef Tautenhayn)，擅長創作獎章、肖像浮雕以及牌匾，公元1903年任宮廷獎章雕塑家，隔年任美院教授，公元1905年，任雕刻專門學校校長直至退休。諾伊貝格於公元1905年起任奧地利鑄幣廠首席雕刻師。

金幣的背面中央則是奧地利帝國國徽，中央為皇室哈布斯堡–洛林王朝的盾徽，垂直分為三個部分，左邊的戴冠人立雄獅，代表哈布斯堡王朝最初的伯爵領；中間狹長的部分以豎紋–橫帶–豎紋，來表示紅–白–紅，代表著奧地利公國；右側為斜帶上的三隻飛鷹，代表洛林公國。盾徽邊緣懸掛著金羊毛騎士團的鍊章，由展翼吐舌的雙首帝國鷹承托於胸前。帝國鷹的雙首分別配戴神聖羅馬帝國的環狀冠(Bügelkrone)，其上懸浮著奧地利皇冠以及綬帶，雙爪一執劍與權杖，一執十字聖球，代表著天賦王權。尾羽的左右兩側分別為「10」與「COR.」，即面額「10克朗」。上方刻有拉丁銘文「X CORONÆ MDCCCCIX 」，意為「10克朗」以及發行年「1909」。背面設計者為奧地利雕塑家安東·沙爾夫(Anton Scharf)(AD 1845-1903)與魯道夫·諾伊貝格，沙爾夫以獎章的設計著稱，以更廣泛的題材與更具動態的雕塑風格，一改當時人物塑像較僵滯呆板的風氣。公元1881年起任維也納雕刻學院院長。公元1892年，參與設計新「克朗」硬幣。

公元1892 年，奧匈帝國實施金本位制改革，以取代原本的銀本位，確保貨幣穩定並與歐洲主要經濟體接軌。改革的核心是引入奧匈克朗(Krone/Korona/Corona)作為新貨幣，並確定1克朗含0.30488 克純金，取代舊貨幣古爾登(Gulden)，兌換比率為1克朗=0.5古爾登/萊茵盾。新貨幣由奧匈銀行統一管理，但奧地利與匈牙利分別負責各自地區的發行。這一改革提升了國際貿易與投資信心，使奧匈帝國融入歐洲金本位體系，促進經濟穩定，然而它也限制了貨幣供應彈性，在經濟衰退時對農民和勞工造成不利影響。10克朗金幣自公元1892至1912年皆有斷續鑄行，但此設計的金幣只有在公元1909鑄行。公元1925年，由於一戰後劇烈的通貨膨脹，克朗被先令所取代。

法蘭茲·約瑟夫一世是奧地利皇帝兼匈牙利國王，自公元1848年即位，統治直至公元1916年去世，統治時間長達68年，是歐洲歷史上在位時間最長的君主之一，見證了君主制的餘暉。其繼位之時，正值歐洲發生一連串重大動盪事件，包括公元1848年的一系列革命，這些革命浪潮席捲歐洲多國，要求自由和民族獨立。他在位期間，經歷了公元1853至1856年的克里米亞戰爭，將勢力範圍拓及多瑙河兩公國，代價為奧俄關係的惡化。公元1866年，普奧戰爭的失敗，奧地利對德意志地區的影響力減弱。匈牙利民族主義者乘勢而起，迫使奧地利帝國改組為奧匈雙元帝國。公元1870年，義大利的統一，使奧地利失去了幾乎所有義大利領。奧匈帝國於公元1878年柏林會議後佔領了波斯尼亞和黑塞哥維那，並開始對該地區進行統治，原統治者鄂圖曼土耳其帝國成為名義上的宗主國。公元1908年，奧匈帝國正式吞併了波斯尼亞和黑塞哥維那，這一舉動激怒了塞爾維亞和俄羅斯，加劇了巴爾幹半島的緊張局勢。

除了帝國的衰弱，法蘭茲·約瑟夫一世的晚年亦噩耗連連。公元1867年，其弟馬克西米立安於任墨西哥皇帝時被推翻並槍決。公元1889年，其獨子王儲魯道夫大公自殺。公元1896年，其二弟於聖地朝聖時急病而逝。公元1898年，其妻伊莉莎白遭暗殺。公元1914年，法蘭茲·約瑟夫一世的侄子、皇儲法蘭茲·斐迪南大公在波斯尼亞首府薩拉熱窩被刺殺，史稱「薩拉熱窩事件」。隨後，奧匈帝國向塞爾維亞宣戰，引發了一系列事件，最終導致第一次世界大戰的爆發。