Item number: A1839

Year: AD 1382-1388

Material: Silver

Size: 14.2 x 13.9 x 0.4 mm

Weight: 0.65 g

Manufactured by: Visegrád Mint (Possibly)

Provenance: Fuchin Coin 2024

This is a denar silver coin, presumed to have been issued between AD 1382 and 1395 in the name of Queen Maria I of Hungary. On average, 96 silver denars were equivalent to 16 groschen, which corresponded to 2 thalers or 2 guldiners, amounting to 1 forint.

The obverse of the coin features a simplified Polish royal crown, historically associated with King Bolesław I the Brave and passed down through the Polish monarchy. Louis I of Hungary, King of Poland and Hungary, was the father of Queen Maria. The worn area below the crown is indistinct, though it may contain an inscribed “W” in uncial script. If this assumption is correct, the coin was likely minted at the Visegrád Mint. The outer border is separated by a raised circular edge and bears the Latin inscription “MARIA I VNGARI,” written in uncial script, translating to “Maria I, Hungary,” with a cross positioned at the uppermost point.

The reverse of the coin displays the Hungarian double cross at its centre. A raised circular edge separates the design from the outer Latin inscription, which reads “REINA · VUNGARIE” in uncial script. This phrase likely intends to signify “Queen of Hungary,” yet the Latin term for “queen” is “Regina,” whereas “Reina” is a Spanish equivalent. The reason for this linguistic deviation remains uncertain. A cross is positioned at the top of the inscription.

The Hungarian denar (denier, or denár in Hungarian) originated in the 11th century, first issued by Saint Stephen I (AD 1000–1038). In AD 1467, Matthias Corvinus introduced a monetary reform that incorporated depictions of the Virgin Mary on the denar, and these coins maintained a stable silver content, making them widely accepted in neighbouring countries. However, following the Ottoman conquest of much of Hungary in the 16th century, the monetary system gradually aligned with Austrian standards, leading to the eventual decline and replacement of the denar.

Maria I of Hungary (AD 1371–1395) of the House of Anjou was the eldest daughter of Louis I of Hungary and a great-granddaughter of Charles Martel of Anjou from the Capetian dynasty. She ascended the throne as Queen of Hungary and Croatia (r. AD 1382–1395), becoming the only female monarch to exercise independent rule in Hungarian history. However, her reign was fraught with internal noble conflicts and disputes over her legitimacy as a female sovereign. Due to her precarious position and opposition from factions within the nobility, Charles III of Naples seized the Hungarian throne in AD 1385 but was subsequently assassinated by Maria’s supporters in AD 1386. Thereafter, Maria ruled under the regency of her mother, Elizabeth of Bosnia, yet the political situation remained unstable. In AD 1387, she married Sigismund of Luxembourg, the future Holy Roman Emperor, gradually losing actual authority as he consolidated power. By the end of her reign, she had become a queen in name only. In AD 1395, while pregnant, Maria died in a fatal riding accident at the age of 24, after which Sigismund assumed full control over Hungary. Although her reign was brief and tumultuous, Maria remains the only officially crowned female monarch in Hungarian history, securing her a unique place in the nation’s political legacy.

物件編號: A1839

年代: 公元 1382-1388 年

材質: 銀

尺寸: 14.2 x 13.9 x 0.4 mm

重量: 0.65 g

製造地: 維謝格拉德鑄幣廠

來源: 福君錢幣 2024

這是一枚應為公元1382至1387年間，以匈牙利女王瑪麗亞一世之名發行的代納爾銀幣。平均而言，96銀代納爾等於16格羅申(Groschen) 等於2塔勒(Thaler) 或2金格羅申(Guldiner)等於1福林(Forint)。

銀幣的正面中央為簡化的波蘭王冠，屬於波蘭國王「勇敢者」波列斯瓦夫一世並隨王位傳承，波蘭與匈牙利國王拉約什一世為瑪莉雅之父。下方磨損不清，但可能為安色爾字體「W」，若屬實，則可能由維謝格拉德(Visegrád)鑄幣廠所鑄造。以浮凸的圓圈相隔，外圈為拉丁文「MARIA I VNGARI」，以安色爾字體寫就，意為「瑪麗亞一世，匈牙利」，最上方有著十字。

銀幣的背面中央則是匈牙利雙十字。以浮凸的圓圈相隔，外圍環繞拉丁文「REINA · VUNGARIE」，以安色爾字體寫就，可能意為「匈牙利女王」，但拉丁文之女王為一字之差的「Regina」，「Reina」則為西班牙文之女王，其原因則待考。最上方有著十字。

匈牙利的第納爾銀幣(Denier，或匈牙利語Denár)起源於公元11世紀，由伊什特萬一世(Saint Stephen I，公元1000-1038年)首次發行。​在公元1467年，匈雅提·馬加什一世(Matthias Corvinus)進行貨幣改革，引入聖母圖樣的第納爾銀幣，其成色穩定，受到鄰國采用。​然而，公元16世紀奧斯曼帝國占領匈牙利大部後，貨幣體系逐漸隨奧地利轉變，第納爾銀幣的使用減少，最終被取代。​

安茹王朝(House of Anjou)的瑪麗亞一世(Maria I of Hungary，生卒公元1371-1395年)，是波蘭與匈牙利國王拉約什一世(Louis I of Hungary)的長女，卡佩王朝安茹的卡洛·馬特羅(Charles Martel of Anjou)之曾孫女，後即位為匈牙利與克羅埃西亞女王(在位公元1382-1395年)，成為匈牙利歷史上唯一一位獨立統治的女性君主，但她的統治受到貴族內鬥與王位爭奪的挑戰。由於缺乏穩固的統治基礎，加以女君登位的相關爭議。公元1385年，那不勒斯的查理三世(Charles III of Naples)奪取王位，但隨後於公元1386年被瑪麗亞的支持者暗殺。此後，瑪麗亞由其母，波斯尼亞的伊莉莎白(Elizabeth of Bosnia)攝政，但局勢依然不穩。公元1387年，她與日後的神聖羅馬皇帝，盧森堡的西吉斯蒙德(Sigismund of Luxembourg)結婚，並逐漸失去實權，最終被丈夫架空，成為名義上的女王。公元1395年，瑪麗亞在懷孕期間意外墜馬身亡，年僅24歲，死後王位完全由西吉斯蒙德掌控。她的統治雖然短暫且充滿動盪，但她作為匈牙利唯一正式加冕的女王，仍於歷史上占有重要地位。