Item number: A2763

Year: AD 1649-1651

Material: Brass

Size: 25.1 x 25.2 x 0.8 mm

Weight: 2.95 g

Manufactured by: Shandong Province Mint Bureau, Jinan

Provenance: Da Chen Stamps and Coins Collection 2019

This coin, known as “Shunzhi Tongbao,” was cast under the reign of the Shunzhi Emperor between the sixth and eighth years of the Shunzhi era (AD 1649–1651) by the provincial mint of Shandong.

The coin follows the traditional form of round coins with square holes characteristic of the Han cultural sphere and is made of brass. The obverse inscription, “Shunzhi Tongbao,” is rendered in Chinese regular script, read from top to bottom and right to left. In the character “Tong” (通), the “辵” radical is often written with a single dot, a variant referred to as “single-dot tong.” The character “Bao” (寶), whose modern form employs the “缶” component, is here written using the “尔” component, and thus called “Er Bao.” In this specimen, the left component of “Tong” (the “マ” element) begins with a reverse stroke from the lower right to the upper left, followed by a horizontal extension to the right, creating a structure resembling a triangle. The final stroke of the “辶” radical folds before ending with a sweep. These features are characteristic of the second style of Shunzhi Tongbao coins bearing the single-character “Hu” on the right reverse, known as the “You Hu” (Right Hu) type; following Japanese numismatic classification conventions, this coin would be categorised as belonging to the “Hu-shou Dong” group.

The reverse of the coin bears the Chinese character “Dong” (東), engraved to the right of the square hole, indicating the mint. The initial horizontal stroke of the character is notably short, thus referred to as the “short-head Dong” variant.

In the early Shunzhi period, Shandong experienced widespread social unrest due to the transition from Ming to Qing rule, marked by political instability, excessive taxation, and repeated local uprisings. Compounded by the unrest in the adjacent Zhili region and Shandong’s exposed coastal position along the Bohai and Yellow Seas, the area suffered from inadequate maritime defences and numerous vulnerable passes. In response, the Qing court established the office of Governor-General of Zhili, Shandong, and Henan in AD 1649 (Shunzhi 6), consolidating military and fiscal authority under a single administrative command. That same year, a provincial mint was established in Jinan Prefecture to produce “Shunzhi Tongbao” copper coins to support military expenses and facilitate regional economic circulation. Under this new institutional framework, Shandong was placed under direct metropolitan supervision, with its administration entrusted to senior officials appointed by the central government, tasked with suppressing banditry, stabilising society, and implementing revenue policies.

The Shunzhi Emperor, born Aisin Gioro Fulin, was the first emperor of the Qing dynasty to rule over China proper, reigning from AD 1644 to 1661. During his minority, Prince Regent Dorgon governed on his behalf, leading the Qing army into the Central Plain, establishing the capital in Beijing, and completing the regime’s transition from the northeast to all of China. After Dorgon’s death, Shunzhi assumed direct rule, promoted policies of Sinicisation, appointed Han officials, and reinstated the imperial examination system to stabilise society and consolidate Qing rule. He also enforced the policy of shaving the forehead and adopting Manchu dress, which provoked resistance among the Han population, but was ultimately imposed by force. Throughout his reign, the Shunzhi Emperor focused on quelling remaining Southern Ming loyalists and local separatist forces. Despite continuous warfare, he gradually realised effective centralised rule across the empire. Culturally, he promoted Confucian learning, revered Buddhism—particularly Chan (Zen)—and was rumoured in later years to have intended to become a monk. He died young at the age of 22 and was succeeded by his son, Xuanye, who became the Kangxi Emperor.

物件編號: A2763

年代: 公元 1649-1651 年

材質: 黃銅

尺寸: 25.1 x 25.2 x 0.8 mm

重量: 2.95 g

製造地: 山東錢局，濟南府

來源: 大城郵幣社 2019

此錢為順治帝所鑄之「順治通寶」，於順治六年至順治八年(公元1649-1651年)，由山東省錢局所鑄。

此錢形制為漢文化圈傳統的方孔圓錢，材質為黃銅，錢面錢文為漢文「順治通寶」楷書，由上而下，由右而左對讀。「順治通寶」之「通」字「辵」旁常寫為單點「辶」，稱「單點通」；「寶」字今寫為「缶」旁的部件，於錢文中寫常寫為「尔」旁，稱「尔寶」。此錢「通」字「マ」旁首劃逆鋒自右下起筆向左上運筆，再向右拉出橫畫，使「マ」旁結構近似三角形；「辶」旁末劃捺前折筆。該特徵為順治通寶二式背單右戶者所共有，稱「右戶版」，若襲日人錢譜手類錢之命名習慣，當稱「戶手東」類。

錢背錢文為漢文「東」，鐫於方穿之右，標示錢局。「東」字首橫筆較短，稱「短頭東」。

順治初期，山東地區歷經明清政權更替後，社會動盪與賦役重壓交織，地方民變不斷，治理難度甚高。加以清初直隸地區未靖，濱臨渤海及黃海的山東地區海防空虛，關隘眾多，是故於順治六年(公元1649年)，清廷設立「直隸、山東、河南三省總督」，統籌軍政與財政事務，並於濟南府設立山東錢局，開始鑄造「順治通寶」銅錢，以供應當地軍費與經濟流通需求。山東在此新體制下被納入京畿直接統治的範疇，其政務由中央指派的高級官員掌控，以有效剿除盜匪、安撫民眾並推行稅收政策。

順治帝，名愛新覺羅·福臨，是清朝入關後首位皇帝，公元1644年至1661年在位。順治帝即位初期，由攝政王多爾袞輔政，推動清軍入主中原，建都北京，完成政權從東北向漢地全境的轉移。多爾袞去世後，順治帝親政，積極推行漢化政策，任用漢人官員，並推動科舉制度恢復，以穩定民心與鞏固統治。他亦下令剃髮易服，引發部分漢族反抗，但最終為清廷所強行推行。順治帝在位期間致力平定南明遺臣勢力與地方割據，雖屢經戰亂，仍逐步實現清廷中央對全國的有效統治。在文化上，他提倡儒學，尊崇佛教，尤其篤信禪宗，並晚年傾向出家傳說廣為流傳。順治帝於22歲早逝，由其子玄燁繼位，即康熙帝。