Item number: A3442

Year: AD 1678

Material: Brass

Size: 32.0 x 32.0 mm

Weight: 9.5 g

Provenance:

1. Spink 2023

2. Dr. Werner Klaus Burger Collection

This coin is the “Zhaowu Tongbao,” a ten-wen denomination cast in brass under the reign of Wu Sangui, who declared himself Emperor of the Wu Zhou regime in the seventeenth year of Kangxi (AD 1678), adopting the era name Zhaowu. Its form resembles that of Ming dynasty coins.

The obverse of the coin features a broad outer rim and an inner border around the square hole. The inscription “Zhaowu Tongbao,” written in seal script, is arranged from top to bottom and read from right to left. The character “寶” (bao) has a “貝” (bei) component with angular strokes, referred to as the “square bei treasure.”

The reverse inscription, “Yifen” (one fen), in seal script, is read from right to left. “Yifen” indicates that this coin is a “proxy silver coin,” equivalent to one fen of silver, with one hundred fen equalling one tael of silver. The Zhaowu Tongbao was minted in Hengzhou (present-day Hengyang) and has been unearthed in various locations, including Qingyang, Gansu.

Although the Zhaowu Tongbao closely resembles Ming coins in form, its monetary policy continued the late Ming practice of using silver as the primary currency and copper as a secondary currency. The concept of “proxy silver coins” with a fixed silver-to-coin ratio, as seen in the Zhaowu Tongbao, was a policy inherited from the Shunzhi era. In the second year of Shunzhi (AD 1645), it was established that ten wen equated to one fen of silver, consistent with the Zhaowu Tongbao.

Wu Sangui (AD 1612–1678), originally a prominent Ming general stationed in Liaodong, later facilitated the Qing entry through Shanhai Pass, aiding in the defeat of Li Zicheng’s forces, and subsequently surrendered to the Qing court. He was enfeoffed as the Prince of Pingxi and tasked with governing Yunnan. To stabilise the southwest, the early Qing established the Three Feudatories system, granting Wu Sangui, Shang Kexi, and Geng Jingzhong significant military, administrative, and fiscal autonomy as feudatory princes. However, the growing power of the feudatories posed a threat to the central Qing authority. In the early Kangxi period, the Qing court resolved to abolish the feudatories, prompting Wu Sangui to launch the Revolt of the Three Feudatories in AD 1673 under the banner of “opposing the Qing and restoring the Ming.” In AD 1677, as the revolt faltered, Geng Jingzhong and Shang Kexi surrendered to the Qing. In AD 1678, to bolster morale, Wu Sangui proclaimed himself Emperor, establishing the Wu Zhou regime with the era name Zhaowu and designating Hengzhou as its capital. Despite its claim to restore the Ming, the Wu Zhou regime was primarily centred on the Wu family, relying on military control and coin minting to sustain its finances. Wu Sangui died later that year, succeeded by his grandson Wu Shifan, but the regime rapidly collapsed, extinguished by Qing forces in AD 1681. Wu Sangui and the Wu Zhou regime remain controversial in historical discourse, viewed alternately as symbols of rebellion or as figures of transitional significance.

Werner Klaus Burger (AD 1936–2021), a German numismatist, was renowned for his research on Chinese coins of the Qing dynasty. Born in Munich, Germany, he completed his studies in Chinese at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München in AD 1962 and taught German at Fudan University in Shanghai from AD 1963. In AD 1965, due to the closure of schools during the Cultural Revolution, he was assigned to work as a shepherd in Suzhou. Subsequently relocating to Hong Kong, he dedicated himself to numismatic research, completing the first doctoral dissertation on Chinese numismatics in AD 1974, which was later expanded into his seminal work, Ch’ing Cash. His collection encompassed Qing dynasty coins and related documents. Burger passed away in Hong Kong in AD 2021, aged 85, leaving a profound legacy in the field of numismatics.

物件編號: A3442

年代: 公元 1678 年

材質: 黃銅

尺寸: 32.0 x 32.0 mm

重量: 9.5 g

來源:

1. 斯賓克拍賣行 2023

2. 布威納博士舊藏

此錢應為吳周皇帝吳三桂於康熙十七年(公元1678年)，建元昭武時所鑄之「昭武通寶」當十，黃銅質，形制與明錢類似。

錢面錢緣具外輪，外輪較闊，錢穿具內廓。錢文為「昭武通寶」篆書，由上至下、由右至左對讀。「寶」字「貝」旁筆劃方折，稱「方貝寶」。

錢背亦具外輪內廓，錢文「壹分」篆書，由右至左順讀。「壹分」標示此錢為權銀錢，值白銀一分，一百分合白銀一兩。昭武通寶鑄於衡州(今衡陽)，於甘肅慶陽等多地曾出土。

昭武通寶雖形制頗類明錢，貨幣政策亦延續晚明以銀為主幣，以銅為輔幣的作法。但固定銀錢相權比例的「權銀錢」，實為順治朝以來之貨幣發行政策。順治二年(公元1645年)，定每十文當銀一分，正與昭武通寶相同。

吳三桂(公元1612–1678年)，原為明末遼東駐防大將，後於山海關開關引清兵入關，協助清軍攻滅李自成，遂降清廷，得封平西王，鎮守雲南。清初為穩定西南，設三藩制，分別封吳三桂、尚可喜、耿精忠為藩王，給予其軍政自主與稅收特權。然三藩勢力日益坐大，構成對中央政權之威脅。康熙初年，清廷決意撤藩，吳三桂遂於公元1673年以「反清復明」為號召起兵，發動三藩之亂。公元1677年，因戰事不利，耿、尚氏先後降清。公元1678年，吳三桂為振奮軍心，自立為帝，建號「周」，年號昭武，定都衡州，史稱吳周政權。吳周政權雖號稱復明，實則以吳氏家族為核心，以軍事控制地方、鑄行錢幣以支撐財政。吳三桂於同年病逝，其孫吳世璠繼位，但政權迅速敗退，至公元1681年為清軍所滅。吳三桂及吳周政權被後世視為亂臣逆子或時代過渡的象徵，頗具爭議。

布威納(Werner Klaus Burger，生卒年公元1936-2021年），德國錢幣學家，以研究清代中國錢幣聞名。他生於德國慕尼黑，公元1962年於慕尼黑大學完成漢學學業，公元1963年赴上海復旦大學教授德語。公元1965年，因文化大革命學校關閉，被派往蘇州牧羊。因此移居香港，專注錢幣學研究，最終於公元1974年完成中國錢幣學首篇博士論文，後增補為其代表作《清錢編年譜》(Ch’ing Cash)。其收藏涵蓋清代錢幣及相關文獻。布威納於2021年在香港逝世，享年85歲，其對錢幣學的貢獻影響深遠。