Item number: A3543／A3564

Year: AD 1920-1924

Material: Brass (A3543)／Copper (A3564)

Size: 19.1 x 18.7 x 1.6 mm (A3543)／18.6 x 18.6 x 1.7 mm (A3564)

Weight: 4.1 g (A3543)／3.55 g (A3564)

Manufactured by: Khiva mint

Provenance: Stephen Album Rare Coins 2025

This is a copper 500-rouble coin issued by the Khorezm People’s Soviet Republic.

The first type bears on the obverse an inscription in Uzbek written in Perso-Arabic script. At the top appears the letter “ت”, in which the diacritical mark is formed as a five-pointed star. This star symbol, as in other Soviet states, may be interpreted as an emblem of communism. The “ت” together with the following “منا” constitutes “منات” (manat), a term borrowed from Latin moneta or Russian монета, signifying “currency.” On either side of this word, faint traces of “١٣” and “٣٩” are visible, which together form “1339,” the Hijrī year corresponding to AD 1921, marking the date of issue. At the bottom centre is the inscription “بش يوز” (besh yuz), meaning “five hundred,” denoting the denomination. Around the lower margin, from the right through the base to the left, a beaded band contains the legend “ضرب فلوس جمهوريتى خوارزم” (zarb fulūs jumhūriyatī Khwārazm), meaning “coin struck by the Republic of Khorezm.” The interstices of the design are filled with beaded ornaments, in addition to diacritical marks. On the reverse, the centre carries the Cyrillic “РУБЛЕЙ” (rouble), the currency of Russia and the Soviet republics, accompanied by the numeral “500” below, both indicating the denomination. The upper part of the device is effaced, but originally showed a variant of the state emblem of the Khorezm People’s Soviet Republic—namely, a sickle, spade, and drooping sprigs. Flanking the emblem were a crescent and star, reflecting the Islamic traditions of the republic. The numeral “500” is further ornamented with flanking rows of beads.

The second type also bears on the obverse an inscription in Uzbek written in Perso-Arabic script. At the very top is a sun symbol, possibly associated with the Zoroastrian heritage of the region and thus representing a national emblem. On either side, worn characters appear to read “١٣” and “٣٩,” forming “1339” (AD 1921), the year of issue. Below the sun stands the word “منات” (manat), meaning “currency,” derived from Latin moneta or Russian монета. At the bottom centre is again “بش يوز” (besh yuz), “five hundred.” Around the margin, from the right through the base to the left, a beaded band encloses the legend “ضرب فلوس جمهوريتى خوارزم” (zarb fulūs jumhūriyatī Khwārazm), meaning “coin struck by the Republic of Khorezm.” The interstices of the design are decorated with bead patterns. The reverse again shows in the centre the Cyrillic “РУБЛЕЙ” with the numeral “500” below, denoting the denomination. The upper device, now effaced, was originally a variant of the state emblem of the Khorezm People’s Soviet Republic, with sickle, spade, and pendent sprigs. A crescent and star flanked the emblem, demonstrating the Islamic heritage of the republic. The numeral “500” is again ornamented by flanking beads.

The Khwarazm Khanate originated in the early sixteenth century, when Uzbek tribes emerging from the disintegration of the Chagatai Khanate established a polity in the Khwarazm region. Its capital was long based in Khiva, whence Russian historians termed it the “Khanate of Khiva,” while some European historians occasionally referred to it as the “Uzbek Khanate.” Geographically, it was situated along the lower Amu Darya, covering present-day western Uzbekistan and parts of Turkmenistan. Political power resided with the Uzbek khans and their kin, but the population included Persians, Karakalpaks, and other Central Asian peoples. Throughout the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries the khanate faced constant challenges from Persia, the Bukhara Khanate, and nomadic Kazakh groups. In the nineteenth century it increasingly became a target of Russian imperial expansion.

By the mid-nineteenth century, the Russian Empire launched repeated campaigns against Khwarazm during its conquest of Central Asia. In AD 1873, Tsar Alexander II dispatched an army that decisively defeated the khanate, captured its capital, and compelled it to become a Russian protectorate. Thereafter, although the Khwarazm Khanate continued under its local rulers, its foreign policy and military affairs were subordinated to Russia, and its economy was integrated into the colonial structure of the empire. For several decades Khiva remained nominally autonomous but was in practice a subordinate polity within the Russian imperial order.

Following the Bolshevik Revolution of AD 1917, revolutionary influence spread into Central Asia. In AD 1920, Bolshevik forces together with local revolutionaries overthrew the last khan, Sayid ʿAbdullāh Khan, thus ending more than four centuries of Khwarazm’s dynastic rule. In its place was founded the “Khorezm People’s Soviet Republic,” also known as the Republic of Khorezm. In AD 1923, this was reorganised as the “Khorezm Socialist Soviet Republic,” formally an independent Soviet republic but effectively integrated into the Soviet system. By AD 1924, with the Soviet policy of National Delimitation in Central Asia, the Khorezm SSR was dissolved, its territory divided among the Uzbek SSR, the Turkmen SSR, and the Karakalpak Autonomous Region. Thereafter, Khorezm ceased to exist as an independent polity and was fully absorbed into the administrative and national structures of the Soviet Union.

物件編號: A3543／A3564

年代: 公元 1920-1924 年

材料: 黃銅(A3543)／紅銅(A3564)

尺寸: 19.1 x 18.7 x 1.6 mm (A3543)／18.6 x 18.6 x 1.7 mm (A3564)

重量: 4.1 g (A3543)／3.9 g (A3564)

製造地: 希瓦造幣廠

來源: 史蒂芬稀有錢幣專輯 2025

這是一枚花剌子模人民蘇維埃共和國所製之500盧布銅幣。

第一型錢幣正面錢文為波斯-阿拉伯字母拼寫的烏茲別克語。上方錢文為「ت」，其中字母的音符標號寫為一五角星，五角星符號可能如其他蘇維埃國家相同，為共產主義之象徵。「ت」與其下「منا」，合為「منات」，即「馬納特」(manats)，借自拉丁文「moneta」或俄文「монета」，為「貨幣」之意。「貨幣」兩側字跡漫漶，但應分別為「١٣」、「٣٩」，合為「1339」，標示了發行年，回曆紀年1339年即公元1921年。下方正中央錢文「بش يوز」(besh yuz)，即「五百」，標示面額。自錢幣右側，經下端至左側，以珠點圍成的帶狀區域中，有錢文「ضرب فلوس جمهوريتى خوارزم」(zarb fulus jumhuriyeti Khwarezm)，即「由花剌子模共和國所造之錢」。幣圖錢文間隙除字母音符外另有填充珠點。錢幣背面中央有西里爾字母「РУБЛЕЙ」，即俄羅斯及蘇聯加盟國之幣值「盧布」(rouble)，與下方數字「500」一同標示面額。上端幣圖漫漶，疑遭磨去，原為花剌子模人民蘇維埃共和國國徽——即鐮刀、鏟子、尖端垂下的細枝——的變體。國徽兩側另有新月與星符號，展現花剌子模共和國的伊斯蘭傳統。數字「500」兩側填充珠點以作裝飾。

第二型錢幣正面錢文為波斯-阿拉伯字母拼寫的烏茲別克語。最上方為太陽符號，可能與發源自烏茲別克的祆教有關，為民族之象徵。太陽兩側字跡漫漶，但應分別為「١٣」、「٣٩」，合為「1339」，標示了發行年，回曆紀年1339年即公元1921年。太陽正下方錢文為「منات」，即「馬納特」(manats)，借自拉丁文「moneta」或俄文「монета」，為「貨幣」之意。下方正中央錢文「بش يوز」(besh yuz)，即「五百」，標示面額。自錢幣右側，經下端至左側，以珠點圍成的帶狀區域中，有錢文「ضرب فلوس جمهوريتى خوارزم」(zarb fulus Khwarezmjumhuriyeti)，即「由花剌子模共和國所造之錢」。幣圖錢文間隙除字母音符外另有填充珠點。錢幣背面中央有西里爾字母「РУБЛЕЙ」，即俄羅斯及蘇聯加盟國之幣值「盧布」(rouble)，與下方數字「500」一同標示面額。上端幣圖漫漶，疑遭磨去，原為花剌子模人民蘇維埃共和國國徽——即鐮刀、鏟子、尖端垂下的細枝——的變體。國徽兩側另有新月與星符號，展現花剌子模共和國的伊斯蘭傳統。數字「500」兩側填充珠點以作裝飾。

花剌子模汗國(Khwarazm Khanate)起源於16世紀初，是由察合台汗國分裂後的烏茲別克部族在花剌子模地區建立的政權。首都長期設於希瓦城，故俄羅斯史家稱為「希瓦汗國」，部分歐洲史家亦有時稱其為「烏茲別克汗國」，其地理位置位於阿姆河下游，涵蓋今烏茲別克西部與土庫曼部分地區。汗國的政治權力集中於烏茲別克汗及同族之統治者，但其臣民包括波斯人、卡拉卡爾帕克人及其他中亞民族。花剌子模汗國在公元16至18世紀持續受到波斯、布哈拉汗國與哈薩克遊牧部族的挑戰，並在19世紀逐漸成為俄羅斯帝國南下擴張的目標。

公元19世紀中葉，俄羅斯帝國在征服中亞的過程中多次進攻花剌子模汗國。公元1873年，沙皇亞歷山大二世派遣軍隊徹底擊敗花剌子模汗國，攻佔首都，迫使其成為俄羅斯的保護國。從此，雖然花剌子模汗國仍由當地汗王名義統治，但其外交與軍事完全受制於俄羅斯，經濟體系亦被納入俄羅斯帝國的殖民經濟秩序。此後的數十年間，希瓦汗國的地方統治持續存在，但已不復獨立，成為俄羅斯帝國在中亞的重要從屬政權之一。

隨著公元1917年俄國十月革命的爆發，布爾什維克黨人的勢力逐漸滲透至中亞地區。公元1920年，布爾什維克軍隊與當地革命力量推翻了花剌子模汗國最後一任汗王賽義德·阿卜杜拉汗(Sayid Abdulla Khan)的統治，結束了汗國長達四百年的歷史。隨後成立了「花剌子模人民蘇維埃共和國」(Khorezm People’s Soviet Republic)，又稱花剌子模共和國。公元1923年，花剌子模共和國被改組為「花剌子模蘇維埃社會主義共和國」(Khorezm Socialist Soviet Republic)，名義上是獨立的蘇維埃加盟共和國，實際上已是蘇聯體系下的一部分。至公元1924年，隨著蘇聯在中亞實行民族疆界劃分(National Delimitation of Central Asia)，花剌子模蘇維埃社會主義共和國被正式解散，其領土被劃分納入烏茲別克蘇維埃社會主義共和國、土庫曼蘇維埃社會主義共和國與卡拉卡爾帕克自治州。自此，花剌子模作為獨立政體徹底消亡，融入蘇聯的行政與民族結構之中。