Item number: A3557

Reference number: Ishanhanov#59、Craig#87

Year: AD 1849

Material: Copper

Size: 20.5 x 18.7 x 1.2 mm

Weight: 3.55 g

Provenance: Stephen Album Rare Coins 2025

This is a copper pūl coin struck under Muhammad Khudayar Khan of the Kokand Khanate.

The obverse bears a Persian inscription in naskh script, reading “ضرب خوقند لطیف” (zarb Khoqand latif), meaning “struck at beautiful Khoqand.” Between “ضرب” and “خوقند” appears the date “۱۲۶٥”, indicating the year AH 1265, corresponding to AD 1849. The inscription is enclosed within two concentric circles; outside of these there appears to be another marginal inscription, though it is too worn to be legible.

The reverse bears the inscription “فلوس جدید” (falus jadid), meaning “new fals” or “new copper coin.” This is also enclosed within two concentric circles, with a bold circle of pellets around the outer edge. Above the word “جدید” in the upper left appears the date “۱۲۶٥,” likewise denoting the year of issue.

The term pūl (پول), from Arabic/Persian, means “money” or “copper coin.” It was a common small-denomination copper coin throughout Central Asia and the Islamic world. It may ultimately derive from the Roman coin follis, originally a high-denomination copper coin, sometimes silvered, which later underwent debasement. Through the Byzantine Empire it passed into the Arab Caliphate as the fals, usually a small bronze denomination. In different regions, related forms such as fils and falus also developed. Another hypothesis traces its origin to the Ancient Greek “ὀβολός” (obolós), which was initially a unit of weight and later a small silver coin that gradually shifted to copper in circulation. The use of the pūl dates back to the Abbasid Caliphate and it subsequently became widespread across Central Asia, Persia, the Indian subcontinent, and Turkic lands. In the economy, the pūl primarily served as currency for everyday small transactions, typically struck in copper or base alloys. Its value was below that of silver and gold coins, usually functioning within a tri-metallic system alongside the dinar (gold) and the dirham (silver), providing means of payment for small-scale trade in local markets. Owing to the multitude of regional powers, pūls varied greatly in design, weight, and inscription, but consistently functioned as the “lowest unit of currency.”

The monetary system of the Kokand Khanate (1709–1876) consisted of three principal levels: gold and silver tenga coins, silver dirhams, and copper pūls. Among these, the silver tenga was the primary unit of account, widely circulated in Kokand and the Ferghana Valley, and exchangeable for several dozen pūls, though rates varied across time and place. Most pūls were struck at local mints, their inscriptions in Arabic or Persian, typically bearing the name of the khan or Islamic religious formulas.

The Kokand Khanate was the dominant polity in the Ferghana Valley of Central Asia, traditionally considered to descend from the Timurid line. Centred on the city of Kokand, it gradually unified surrounding territories and, together with Bukhara and Khiva, formed one of the three great khanates of the region. Its political system followed Turco-Mongol traditions, with the khan as sovereign, supported by tribal nobility and religious leaders. Society was ethnically diverse, comprising Uzbeks, Tajiks, Kyrgyz, and Sogdian-Persianised groups. The khanate reached its zenith in the first half of the nineteenth century, but its attempts to expand into Kashgar brought it into conflict with the Qing Empire. To avert war, it nominally became a Qing vassal during the Qianlong reign, its rulers receiving the title “beg,” denoting a Turkic tribal chief. In the nineteenth century, the southward expansion of the Russian Empire eroded its power. Combined with frequent successions, Kokand declined, and in AD 1876 the Russian army occupied the khanate, abolished the khanate itself, and established the Ferghana Oblast, thereby bringing the Kokand Khanate to an end.

Muhammad Khudayar Khan, son of Shir Ali Khan, ruled Kokand between AD 1845 and 1858, and again from 1863 to 1875. His reign was troubled by internal conflict and interference from the Emirate of Bukhara. With the advance of the Russian Empire into Central Asia, Kokand increasingly fell under Russian domination, and in AD 1876 it was formally abolished following Khudayar’s failure to suppress a popular uprising. In AD 1875, adopting a pro-Russian stance, he was forced into exile during the upheaval and fled to Orenburg in Russia. He later died in exile in Herat, Afghanistan, in AD 1882.

物件編號: A3557

參考書目編號: 伊尚哈諾夫#59、克雷格#87

年代: 公元 1849 年

材質: 紅銅

尺寸: 20.5 x 18.7 x 1.2 mm

重量: 3.55 g

來源: 史蒂芬稀有錢幣專輯 2025

這是一枚浩罕汗國胡達亞爾汗所鑄之普爾銅幣。

正面幣銘為以波斯體書寫的波斯文「ضرب خوقند لطیف」(zarb Khoqand latif)，即「造於優美的浩罕」。「ضرب」與「خوقند」間有「۱۲۶٥」，標示發行年為回曆1265，即公元1849年。幣銘以兩個同心環包圍，外側似另有幣銘環繞，因文字漫漶而無法辨識。

背面幣銘為「فلوس جدید」(falus jadid)，即「新法爾」或「新銅幣」。幣銘以兩個同心環包圍，外側再以粗珠點環繞一圈。左上角「جدید」上方有「۱۲۶٥」標示發行年。

普爾(Pūl)，阿拉伯語/波斯語「پول」，意為錢或銅幣。是一種中亞與伊斯蘭世界常見的小面額銅幣。可能源自羅馬帝國的貨幣「福利斯」(follis)，原為大面額銅幣，最初甚至有包銀。隨後逐漸貶值。後經東羅馬帝國傳入阿拉伯帝國，成為「法爾」(fals)，通常為小面額銅幣。在不同國家，可能還有「費爾」(fils)、「法盧斯」(falus)等變體幣名。另有一說源於古希臘語「ὀβολός」(奧波勒斯，obolós)，曾為一種重量單位，後指一種小額銀幣，在流通中逐漸改為銅幣。普爾的使用最早起源於阿拔斯王朝時期，隨後廣泛流通於中亞、波斯、印度次大陸與突厥地區。普爾在經濟中主要作為日常小額交易貨幣，常見材質為銅或劣質合金。其價值低於銀幣與金幣，通常與「第納爾」(dinar, 金幣)、「迪拉姆」(dirham, 銀幣)形成貨幣體系，提供民間市場中小規模買賣的支付功能。由於地方政權眾多，不同時期、不同汗國所鑄之普爾在形制、重量和銘文上差異極大，但其作為「最小貨幣單位」的功能卻保持長期穩定。

浩罕汗國(Kokand Khanate, 1709–1876) 的貨幣體系主要由金、銀、銅三個層級構成：堅戈(tenga)金幣、迪拉姆(dirham)銀幣、堅戈(tenga)銀幣、以及普爾銅幣(pūl)。其中「堅戈」銀幣是主要的貨幣單位，在浩罕與費爾干納谷地流通廣泛，約等於幾十枚普爾，兌換率在各時間、各地點都有所不同。浩罕的普爾多由當地鑄局製造，銘文採用阿拉伯文或波斯文，通常刻有汗王名號或伊斯蘭宗教用語。

浩罕汗國是中亞地區費爾干納谷地的主要政權，傳說為帖木兒帝國後裔。以浩罕城為都，逐漸統一周邊，與布哈拉、希瓦並列為三大汗國。汗國政體承襲突厥—蒙古傳統，由汗王主政，並依賴部落貴族與宗教領袖。社會成分多元，包括烏茲別克、塔吉克、吉爾吉斯及粟特—波斯化群體。十九世紀前半達到鼎盛，並因欲往新疆喀什地區擴張而與清帝國衝突。為迴避戰事，於乾隆年間名義上成為清朝藩屬國，受封「伯克」(beg)，為突厥部族首領之意。十九世紀俄羅斯帝國南侵，逐步侵蝕汗國勢力，加以汗位更迭頻仍，其勢愈衰。公元1876年，俄軍徹底佔領浩罕，廢除汗位，設立費爾干納州，浩罕汗國自此滅亡。

穆罕默德·胡達亞爾汗(Muhammad Khudayar Khan)是浩罕汗國的統治者，於公元1845年至1858年；1863年至1875年間在位。他為希爾阿里汗之子，在其統治時期，浩罕汗國深受內戰與布哈拉酋長國干涉所擾。隨著俄羅斯帝國進軍中亞，浩罕逐漸淪為沙俄的附庸，最終於公元1876年因鎮壓民變失敗而被正式廢除。胡達亞爾汗在公元1875年因對俄採取親善立場而於動亂中被迫逃亡至俄國奧倫堡，並終於公元1882年客死阿富汗赫拉特。