These are gold dinars issued by unidentified rulers, possibly belonging to the Great Mongol Empire.

The obverses bear the inscriptions “لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله” (“There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah”), representing the Islamic declaration of faith. Each inscription is enclosed within a circular border, with additional marginal legends, most likely indicating the mint or the date of issue. Where the word “ششصد” (sheshsad) appears, it denotes the numeral 600; “سی” (si) denotes 30; “یک” (yek) signifies 1; and “سه” (seh) represents 3 or 4, depending on context. The motifs above the main inscriptions may depict tribal emblems, though their specific identities remain uncertain.

The reverses bear the phrase “لا اله الا الله وحده لا شریک له” (“There is no god but Allah, He is One, without partner”), another form of the Islamic confession of faith. Below these, in smaller script, appears “سمرقند” (Samarqand), identifying the mint. The inscriptions are encircled by rings, within which further marginal legends are inscribed, most likely also referring to the mint or the date of issue. The ornaments above the main inscriptions may again represent tribal emblems, though their precise meanings are yet to be determined.

In the early thirteenth century, Chinggis Khan (Temüjin) unified the various Mongol tribes of the steppe and established the Great Mongol Empire in AD 1206, officially known as “ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ” (Yehe Monggol Ulus, rendered in Chinese as “也克蒙古兀魯思”). With strict military discipline, flexible tactics, and highly mobile cavalry as its core strength, the Mongol army rapidly embarked upon a series of external conquests. The Mongols successively destroyed the Western Xia, campaigned against the Jin dynasty, advanced into Central Asia, and extended their reach to Eastern Europe and the Middle East.

Following Chinggis Khan’s death, his son Ögödei ascended the throne in AD 1229 as the second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire (r. AD 1229–1241). During his reign, the Mongols completed the annihilation of the Jin dynasty in AD 1234, consolidated their rule over northern China, and continued to exert pressure on the Southern Song. Meanwhile, Ögödei expanded the empire’s western campaigns by dispatching Batu to lead the great westward expedition, initiating the Mongol conquest of Russia and Eastern Europe.

這是一些金第納爾，由不具名的統治者所發行，可能來自大蒙古國。

金幣正面為「لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله 」，為清真言「萬物非主，唯有真主，穆罕默德，是主使者。」以圓環相隔，外圈環列文字，多為鑄造地或年分，若為「ششصد」者，標示其為「600」；「سی」者，標示其為「30」；「یک」者為「1」，「سه」者為「4」。正面文字上方飾紋或為族徽，具體待考。

背面為「لا اله الا الله وحده لا شریک له」，為真言之一的「萬物非主，唯有真主，祂獨一無二，無有夥伴。」下方小字為「سمرقند」，即「撒馬爾罕」，標示了製造地。以圓環相隔，外圈環列文字，多為鑄造地或年分。正面文字上方飾紋或為族徽，具體待考。

十三世紀初，成吉思汗(鐵木真)統一蒙古草原諸部，建立大蒙古國(公元1206年)，即「ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ」(Yehe Monggol Ulus，漢譯也克蒙古兀魯思)。他以嚴明的軍紀、靈活的戰術與高效的騎兵為核心力量，迅速展開對外征服。蒙古軍隊先後攻滅西夏、征伐金朝、進入中亞，並遠達歐洲東部與中東地區。成吉思汗去世後，其子窩闊台於公元1229年繼位，成為蒙古帝國第二任大汗(公元1229至1241年)。在他在位期間，蒙古完成了對金朝的滅亡(公元1234年)，鞏固了華北的統治，並持續向南宋施壓。同時，他也推動對歐亞西部的進軍，派遣拔都西征，開啟蒙古人對俄羅斯與東歐的征服。