Item number: A3596

Year: AD 1224-1263 (AH 621-661)

Material: Gold

Size: 25.8 x 25.8 x 0.4 mm

Weight: 3.05 g

Manufactured by: Bukhara Mint

Provenance: Stephen Album Rare Coins 2025

This is a gold dinar issued by an anonymous ruler, possibly belonging to the Great Mongol Empire.

The obverse bears the inscription “لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله”, representing the Shahada, “There is no deity but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God.” Below it, the smaller inscription “بخارا” (Bukhara) denotes the place of minting. The central legend is enclosed within a circular border, surrounded by an outer marginal inscription, most likely containing additional details regarding the mint or the date of issue, though these remain uncertain. Above the main inscription appears an ornamental motif, possibly serving as a tribal emblem, the precise identification of which is yet to be determined.

The reverse features the legend “لا اله الا الله وحده لا شریک له”, another formulaic expression of the Islamic creed meaning “There is no deity but God alone; He has no partner.” Below it again appears the smaller inscription “بخارا” (Bukhara). This side too is enclosed by a circular border, with an outer marginal inscription that appears to list further minting information or a date, among which the element “یک” (yak) signifies the numeral “1”. An ornamental device appears above the legend, possibly functioning as a dynastic or tribal emblem, the details of which remain uncertain.

In the early thirteenth century, Chinggis (Genghis) Khan, originally named Temüjin, unified the tribes of the Mongolian steppe and in AD 1206 (approximately AH 602) founded the Great Mongol State, known in Mongolian as “ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ” (Yehe Monggol Ulus, literally “Great Mongol Nation”). With strict military discipline, flexible tactics, and highly mobile cavalry as his core strength, he initiated rapid and extensive conquests. Around AD 1220 (c. AH 617), the Mongol army invaded the Khwarazmian Empire; Bukhara and Samarqand soon fell. Chinggis Khan is reported to have addressed the congregation in the Great Mosque of Bukhara, marking the beginning of Mongol domination over the Islamic regions of Central Asia.

Chinggis Khan died in AD 1227, and his son Tolui briefly acted as regent until Ögedei ascended the throne in AD 1229 as the second Great Khan, reigning until his death in AD 1241. During Ögedei’s rule, the Mongols destroyed the Jin dynasty, consolidated control over North China, and dispatched Batu to lead campaigns westward, extending Mongol power into Russia and Eastern Europe. After his death, his widow Töregene Khatun acted as regent, convening a quriltai (assembly) in AD 1246 that proclaimed Güyük as Great Khan. Güyük died in AD 1248, after which his widow Oghul Qaimish assumed the regency until Möngke’s accession in AD 1251. Under Möngke’s leadership, central authority was restored, and Hülegü was sent to conquer Persia and Iraq, culminating in the destruction of the Abbasid Caliphate. Following Möngke’s death in AD 1260, a succession conflict broke out between Kublai and Ariq Böke. The Chagatai lineage, controlling territories including Bukhara and Kashgar, supported Ariq Böke, making Central Asia the principal arena of the Mongol civil war. Kublai ultimately triumphed, securing the Great Khanate, yet by that time the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire had become irreversible.

物件編號: A3596

年代: 公元 1224-1263 年 (回曆 621-661 年)

材質: 黃金

尺寸: 25.8 x 25.8 x 0.4 mm

重量: 3.05 g

製造地: 布哈拉造幣廠

來源: 史蒂芬稀有錢幣專輯 2025

這是一枚不具名統治者所發行的金第納爾，可能是大蒙古國。

金幣正面為「لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله 」，為清真言「萬物非主，唯有真主，穆罕默德，是主使者。」下方小字為「بخارا」，即「布哈拉」，標示了製造地。以圓環相隔，外圈環列文字，多為鑄造地或年分，具體待考。正面文字上方飾紋或為族徽，具體待考。

背面為「لا اله الا الله وحده لا شریک له」，為真言之一的「萬物非主，唯有真主，祂獨一無二，無有夥伴。」下方小字為「بخارا」，即「布哈拉」。以圓環相隔，外圈環列文字，多為鑄造地或年分，其中右下「یک」者意為「1」。正面文字上方飾紋或為族徽，具體待考。

十三世紀初，成吉思汗（鐵木真）統一蒙古草原諸部，於公元1206年（約回曆602年）建立大蒙古國，即「ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ」（Yehe Monggol Ulus，漢譯「也克蒙古兀魯思」）。他以嚴明的軍紀、靈活的戰術與高效的騎兵為核心力量，迅速展開對外征服。公元1220年前後（約AH617起），蒙古軍攻入花剌子模，布哈拉與撒馬爾罕相繼陷落，成吉思汗在布哈拉大清真寺演說，標誌著蒙古對中亞伊斯蘭世界的統治開始。成吉思汗於公元1227年逝世，其子拖雷短暫攝政，隨後窩闊台於公元1229年即位為第二任大汗，至公元1241年逝世。窩闊台在位期間，攻滅金朝，鞏固華北統治，並派拔都西征，擴張至俄羅斯與東歐。其後乃馬真后（脫列哥那）攝政，並於公元1246年召開忽理勒台大會推舉貴由為大汗。貴由汗於1248年逝世，死後由斡兀立后海迷失攝政，至蒙哥汗於公元1251年即位，帝國再度鞏固中央權力，並派旭烈兀征服波斯與伊拉克，攻滅阿拔斯王朝。蒙哥於公元1260逝世後，忽必烈與阿里不哥爭奪汗位，察合台系勢力據布哈拉、喀什等地支持阿里不哥，成為蒙古內戰的核心地區。最終忽必烈勝出，完成大汗位的繼承，但蒙古帝國分裂之勢難以逆轉。