Item number: A3747

Reference number: KM#592.1

Year: AD 1786

Material: Gold (.917)

Size: 26.0 x 25.8 mm

Weight: 15.297 g recorded

Manufactured by: Paris Mint

Provenance: Fuchin Coin 2025

This is a Double-Louis d’or issued under King Louis XVI of France. At this time a single Louis d’or was still defined as equivalent to twenty-four livres tournois.

The obverse bears a left-facing bust of Louis XVI without a crown. Around the border runs the abbreviated Latin legend “LUD · XVI · D · G · FR · ET · NAV · REX”, the full form of which is Ludovicus XVI Dei Gratia Franciae et Navarrae Rex, meaning “Louis XVI, by the grace of God, King of France and Navarre”. A heron placed below the bust serves as the privy mark of Jean Dupeyron de la Coste II, Director of the Paris Mint. At the king’s neckline appears the small inscription “DUVIVIER”, identifying the engraver Pierre-Simon-Benjamin Duvivier, a scion of a Parisian family of engravers. He had begun designing royal medals and dies during the reign of Louis XV. Upon Louis XVI’s accession, he was appointed in AD 1774 as Graveur Général des Monnaies, the Chief Engraver of France and the official responsible for all dies and designs of the kingdom’s gold and silver coinage. His work combined the elegance of late Baroque aesthetics with the increasingly favoured realism of the period, and he enjoyed considerable acclaim. After the outbreak of the Revolution he lost the competition, organised in AD 1791 by the revolutionary authorities for designing the “constitutional coinage”, and was therefore dismissed from office. Nevertheless, he continued to produce medallic and engraved works throughout the Revolutionary and Directory periods for academic institutions, administrative bodies, and local societies.

The reverse displays a simplified armorial device of Louis XVI. The central motif consists of two juxtaposed oval shields: that on the left bears fleurs-de-lis for the Bourbon dynasty, and that on the right shows the cross, saltire, and surrounding chains of the Kingdom of Navarre. The shields are surmounted by a crown, and the letter “A” beneath marks the Paris Mint. Around runs the abbreviated liturgical formula “CHRS · REGN · VINC · IMPER”, the full text of which is Christus regnat, Christus vincit, Christus imperat—“Christ reigns, Christ conquers, Christ commands”—a chant from the Latin ecclesiastical laudes regiæ, originating in the acclamations addressed to leaders in ancient Rome and later associated, perhaps from the time of Charlemagne, with royal coronations. A small lyre following the legend is the privy mark of the local Paris engraver François Bernier. The date “1786” appears in the upper left field.

Both obverse and reverse bear a triangular denticled border, while the edge carries a corded pattern formed by paired knots symmetrically arranged along the central axis.

The Paris Mint (Monnaie de Paris) is a national mint whose history can be traced to the Édit de Pîtres of AD 864, making it the longest continuously operating institution of the French state. From the medieval period into the early modern era, Paris functioned not only as the principal royal mint but also as the supervisory centre for the kingdom’s provincial mints. In the mid-sixteenth century, with the development of the screw-press (presse à vis), King Henri II in AD 1553 dispatched the financial administrator Aubin Olivier to establish the “Monnaie du Moulin des Étuves” at the western end of the Île de la Cité. This new mechanical mint produced gold and silver coins with a speed and uniformity that far surpassed traditional hammered coinage. Because the innovation directly threatened the interests of the hereditary mint workers attached to the Cour des Monnaies—the compagnons monnayeurs—fierce competition arose between the mechanised workshop and the craft guilds. The latter perceived mechanical minting as a threat to artisanal skill and corporate privilege and made repeated petitions to the Crown. The tension between institutional authority and guild interests persisted from the 1550s to the mid-seventeenth century; only later did mechanical striking gradually supersede hammering as the national standard. From the seventeenth century onward, monetary authority became increasingly centralised, with the Paris Mint promoting stricter standards of weight and fineness, leading to greater uniformity in flans, legends, and portraits. Today the Paris Mint continues to strike circulating euro coinage, among other official functions.

Louis XVI reigned from AD 1774 to 1792 and mounted the scaffold in the year following his deposition. His political environment was shaped by long-accumulated structural tensions and by rapidly shifting international conditions. Domestically, although absolute monarchy still claimed authority, the Crown’s effective power was constrained by extensive court factions, privileged estates, and conservative parlements, which repeatedly blocked reform. Attempts to rationalise taxation, introduce fiscal transparency, or streamline provincial administration met fierce resistance from nobles and magistrates; the fiscal immunities of clergy and nobility likewise became targets of public criticism. Social discontent fuelled by grain prices, guild restrictions, rural hardship, and marked regional disparities further heightened internal instability. The king himself, though well-intentioned, was indecisive and unable to unify his ministers; the government vacillated between reform and the preservation of established privileges, eroding public confidence.

Internationally, France’s support for the American War of Independence enhanced its diplomatic standing but imposed enormous military expenditures, exposing the fiscal and naval weaknesses of the Bourbon monarchy in its longstanding rivalry with Britain. Late-eighteenth-century European politics were dominated by the expansion of Prussia, Austria, and Russia, constraining France’s ability to maintain the balance of power while pursuing domestic reform. At the same time, Enlightenment ideas—natural rights, fiscal accountability, the authority of public opinion, and critiques of despotism—had deeply permeated society, subjecting the monarchy’s legitimacy to unprecedented scrutiny.

In fiscal terms, although private financial networks were sophisticated and commercial credit widely used, the state suffered chronic deficits due to unequal taxation, the fiscal immunities of elites, and administrative inefficiency. The enormous outlays required by the American war caused the debt to escalate dramatically, producing one of the gravest political crises of the Ancien Régime. In monetary matters, France’s bimetallic system, established in AD 1726, had maintained long-term stability, but by the 1770s international gold–silver ratios had diverged sharply from the French legal ratio of 1:14.5, undervaluing gold and promoting large-scale gold outflows. To correct this imbalance, prevent further outflows, and restore competitiveness, the Controller-General Calonne introduced a major reform in AD 1785: the legal ratio was adjusted to 1:15.5 in line with Spain and the wider international market; the specifications of silver coinage were left unchanged, while the Louis d’or was reminted according to the principle of altering gold but not silver. The number of coins struck from one marc of gold was raised from thirty to thirty-two, and the fineness was recalibrated, reducing the standard weight of a Louis d’or—while maintaining 22-carat purity—from 8.158 g to 7.649 g, thereby correcting deficiencies due to decades of wear and inconsistent provincial minting. The reform pursued economic, fiscal, and political goals: stabilising the currency, improving the balance of payments, encouraging the mobilisation of hoarded gold, and generating limited seigniorage. Yet administrative delays, slow recoining, and hostile public reactions to what was perceived as a concealed devaluation meant that the reform failed to arrest the wider fiscal crisis or to prevent credit contraction and rising interest rates. By the late 1780s the monarchy faced collapsing political confidence, declining administrative capacity, unsustainable finances, and a reform process paralysed by institutional resistance, culminating in the outbreak of the French Revolution in AD 1789.

物件編號: A3747

參考目錄編號: KM#592.1

年代: 公元 1786 年

材質: 黃金 (917‰)

尺寸: 26.0 x 25.8 mm

重量: 記載為 15.297 g

製造地: 巴黎鑄幣廠

來源: 福君錢幣 2025

這是一枚法蘭西國王路易十六所發行的雙金路易。1金路易此時仍定為24圖爾里弗爾(livre tournois)。

金幣的正面為路易十六的左側半身像，未佩冠冕。周圍環列拉丁簡寫幣銘「LUD · XVI · D · G · FR · ET · NAV · REX」，全稱為「Ludovicus XVI Dei Gratia Franciae et Navarrae Rex」，即「路易十六，蒙上帝恩典，法蘭西與納瓦拉之王」。下方有一蒼鷺，為巴黎鑄幣廠廠長(directeur)，讓·迪佩龍·德·拉·科斯特二世(Jean Dupeyron de la Coste II)的標記。王像脖頸處有小字署名「DUVIVIER」，為設計者皮埃爾－西蒙－本傑明·杜維維耶(Pierre-Simon-Benjamin Duvivier)，其出身於巴黎雕刻世家。路易十五時期開始從事王室獎章與模具設計，路易十六即位後，公元1774年被任為「法國皇家首席雕刻師」(Graveur Général des Monnaies)，成為國家所有金銀幣模具與鑄幣設計的最高主管。他的雕刻風格融合了巴洛克時期的優美與時興的寫實主義，稱譽一時。大革命爆發後，他於公元1791年，在革命政府為製作「憲法貨幣」舉辦的競賽中落敗，於是被撤職。儘管如此，他在革命與督政府期間仍持續創作，作品遍及學術機構、行政機關與地方社團。

背面中央為簡化的路易十六紋章。盾徽為兩個並立的雙盾徽，左側為鳶尾花，代表波旁王室；右側為在盾徽上以正十字、斜十字以及環繞排布的鎖鏈，代表納瓦拉王國。頂飾為王冠，盾徽底部的「A」為巴黎鑄幣廠的標記。周圍環列拉丁簡寫幣銘「CHRS · REGN · VINC · IMPER · 」，全句為「Christus regnat, Christus vincit, Christus imperat」，即「基督統治、基督得勝、基督指揮」，為拉丁教會禮儀中，聖歌《君王讚歌》(laudes regiæ)中的唱句，來源於古羅馬時代領袖入城時接受的歡呼，可能於中世紀時便由查理大帝用以加冕。幣銘句尾有一豎琴，為巴黎鑄幣廠的本地雕刻師弗朗索瓦·貝爾尼耶(François Bernier)的標記。左上角「1786」註記鑄行年。

金幣正背面為三角狀的齒邊，幣稜則為中軸兩側圓結對稱的繩紋邊(corded edge)。

巴黎鑄幣廠(Monnaie de Paris)是一項可追溯至公元864年《皮斯詔令》(Édit de Pîtres)的國家性鑄幣機構，是法國持續運作時間最久的官方機構。中世紀至近代期間，巴黎不僅是王權集中鑄幣之地，也是各地方鑄幣廠的監督中樞。16世紀中葉，隨著螺旋壓床(presse à vis)造幣技術的發展，法王亨利二世於公元1553年，派遣財政總監奧班·奧利維耶(Aubin Olivier)於公元1553年在西岱島(Île de la Cité)西端設立「埃圖夫斯磨坊造幣廠」(Monnaie du Moulin des Étuves)。此新式鑄幣廠以螺旋壓印生產金銀幣，其速度與品質均遠超過傳統錘鑄工藝。由於此舉直接挑戰了隸屬於「鑄幣法院」(Cour des Monnaies)的傳統造幣工匠與工會(compagnons monnayeurs)的利益，新式工場因此與工會之間迅速形成尖銳競爭。工匠公會視機械造幣為削弱手工技藝與工會特權的威脅，並多次向王室進行陳抗。這種制度與利益之間的摩擦從1550年代持續到17世紀中葉，新技術直到更晚期才逐步取代傳統錘鑄工藝，成為法國全國性的造幣標準。17世紀後，鑄幣權逐漸集中，巴黎鑄幣廠負責推動更嚴格的重量與成色標準，使鑄幣的截面、文字、肖像均更趨一致。在當代，巴黎鑄幣廠仍然承接有歐元硬幣的生產等業務。

路易十六，公元1774年至1792年在位，於被廢黜次年登上斷頭台。其政治環境深受長期積累的制度性矛盾與迅速變化的國際局勢所形塑。國內方面，君主專制名義上仍保有權威，但王權實際受制於龐大的宮廷派系、特權身分群體與保守的高等法院(parlements)，使改革屢屢受阻。無論是稅制均平、財政透明化，或地方行政整合，皆遭到貴族與司法界的激烈抵制；教士與貴族的免稅特權更成為民間輿論攻擊的焦點。社會上因糧食價格、職業組織限制、農村困境與不同地區發展不均所累積的怨氣，使國內政治逐漸進入易燃狀態。國王本人溫和、善良但優柔寡斷，無力整合政府高層，加上政府內部在改革與維持舊秩序之間左右搖擺，導致治理信心持續下滑。

在國際層面，法國在美國獨立戰爭中的軍事支持提升其外交聲望，但巨額軍費加劇金融危機，並暴露法國在與英國的長期競爭中財政與海軍力量的脆弱。十八世紀後期歐洲的權力政治仍以普魯士、奧地利、俄國的擴張為主軸，法國難以同時兼顧傳統勢力平衡與自身內部改革。思想層面上，啟蒙運動已深刻滲透政治與社會——從自然權利、財政透明、公共輿論到反專制論述，皆使王權合法性受到前所未有的檢視。

財政方面，私人金融體系高度發達、商業信用與匯票廣泛流通，但國家財政卻因稅制不平等、貴族與教士免稅、官僚體系低效而長期赤字，加上對美國獨立戰爭的大量軍費，使債務迅速膨脹，成為革命前最嚴重的政治危機之一。在貨幣方面，法國自公元1726年建立的金銀雙本位制度長期維持穩定，但至公元1770年代，國際金銀比價已大幅偏離法國官方比價1：14.5，導致金幣被低估並大量外流。為矯正失衡、遏止外流並恢復貿易競爭力，財政總監卡隆(Calonne)在公元1785年推動重要的貨幣改革：將法定比價調整為1：15.5，使其更接近西班牙與國際市場；在保持銀幣規格不變的前提下，以「動金不動銀」的方式重鑄金路易，將每馬克黃金由舊制鑄30枚改為鑄成32枚，並重新校準其成色，換言之，每枚金路易在維持22K金的成色下，法重從8.158克降至7.649克，以糾正數十年間因磨損與地方鑄幣誤差造成的品質問題。此改革兼具經濟、財政與政治目的：一方面旨在穩定貨幣、改善國際收支，另一方面也希望透過重鑄促進金幣去儲藏化並取得有限的鑄幣稅收入。然而操作過程混亂、宣告延宕、重鑄速度緩慢，加上輿論對「隱性貶值」的批評，使改革未能挽救財政困境，也無法阻止信貸緊縮與利率上升。法國政府在公元1780年代後期已處於政治信任度崩潰、行政能力下降、財政難以為繼、改革陷入政治僵局的景況，直至公元1789年，法國大革命爆發。