Item number: M455

Year: AD 1908-1913

Material: Bronze

Size: 60.7 x 32.7 x 2.2 mm

Weight: 20.7 g

Provenance: Noonans 2025

This is a bronze Philippine Campaign Medal, awarded from AD 1908 onwards under Special Order No. 81 issued by the United States Department of the Navy, to officers and enlisted personnel who participated in the suppression of the Philippine resistance movement between AD 1898 and AD 1904. The medal exists in two versions, for the Army and the Navy; the present specimen is the United States Marine Corps version, of which approximately 1,200 pieces were issued.

The medal is circular in form and is suspended from the ribbon by a circular ring. The ribbon consists of three equal-width vertical stripes in red, yellow, and red, and is worn as a breast ribbon. At the centre of the medal is a stone gate leading to Manila. Around the upper outer edge appears the inscription “PHILIPPINE CAMPAIGN,” while below is the date “1899–1903,” indicating the duration of the Philippine Campaign; a palm branch is placed on each side of the date. The reverse bears the emblem of the United States Marine Corps, consisting of a bald eagle with outstretched wings, grasping an anchor and anchor chain in its talons. Beneath this is the word “FOR,” encircled by the word “SERVICE,” together meaning “for service.” Around the emblem is the inscription “UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS.” The edge of the medal is engraved with the serial number “542,” awarded to First Sergeant James Rice; further details regarding this issue are unknown.

The conflict between the United States and the Philippines traces back to the Spanish-American War of AD 1898. During this time, the United States allied with the Filipino resistance led by Emilio Aguinaldo to jointly oppose Spain, the former colonial ruler of the Philippines. In January AD 1899, Aguinaldo declared the establishment of the “First Philippine Republic.” However, in December of the preceding year, the United States acquired sovereignty over the Philippines through the signing of the Treaty of Paris with Spain.

On February 4, AD 1899, armed Filipino forces clashed with American troops in Manila, marking the beginning of the Philippine-American War. Under the command of Arthur MacArthur (the father of Douglas MacArthur), the US military deployed up to 70,000 troops in the Philippines at one point.

In March AD 1901, organised resistance in the Philippines subsided with the surrender of President Aguinaldo, but sporadic resistance continued until AD 1913. In AD 1916, the United States granted the Philippines autonomy, and in AD 1934, the Philippine Commonwealth was established. The Philippines had to wait until the end of World War II, and its full independence was declared with the Manila Treaty in AD 1946.

物件編號: M455

年代: 公元 1908-1913 年

材質: 青銅

尺寸: 60.7 x 32.7 x 2.2 mm

重量: 20.7 g

來源: 諾南斯 2025

這是公元1908年起，按美國海軍部公告的〈第81號特別命令〉，授予參加公元1898至1904年間，鎮壓菲律賓反抗運動的官兵之青銅製「菲律賓戰役獎章」。該獎章分為陸海軍兩種版本，本物件為海軍陸戰隊版本，約頒發1,200枚。

獎章外觀為圓形，以環形懸掛銜接綬帶。綬帶為三道等寬色帶，依序為紅、黃、紅色，並且以胸綬方式配戴。獎章中央為通往馬尼拉之石門。章圖外側上方環列「PHILIPPINE CAMPAIGN」，即「菲律賓戰役」，下方「1899-1903」為菲律賓戰役的持續時間，年份兩側各有一根棕櫚樹枝。獎章背面為美國海軍徽記，為一白頭海鵰，兩翼伸展，雙爪銜抓船錨及錨鍊，下方橫列「FOR」，再環列「SERVICE」，即「服役」。徽記外側環列「UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS」，即「美國海軍陸戰隊」。獎章邊稜鐫刻「542」頒發序號，獲頒者應為二等士官長(First Sergeant)詹姆斯·賴斯(James Rice)，其餘不詳。

美菲衝突能上溯至公元1898年的美西戰爭，彼時美國以盟友立場跟埃米利奧·阿奎納多領導的反抗軍，共同對抗菲律賓的原統治者西班牙。公元1899年1月，阿奎納多對外宣告「菲律賓第一共和國」成立，然而稍早的12月，美國藉著跟西班牙簽訂《巴黎和約》轉讓到菲律賓的主權。公元1899年2月4日，菲律賓武裝勢力跟馬尼拉的美軍發生衝突，開啟菲律賓第一次獨立戰爭的序幕。美軍在阿瑟·麥克阿瑟(道格拉斯·麥克阿瑟之父)指揮下，一度在菲律賓駐紮7萬人的兵力。

公元1901年3月，菲律賓有組織的反抗隨著總統阿奎納多投降告一段落，但仍有零星反抗持續至公元1913年為止。公元1916年，美國授予菲律賓自治權，並於公元1934年成立菲律賓自由邦。菲律賓要待第二次世界大戰結束，於公元1946年的《馬尼拉條約》方才宣告完全獨立。