Item number: M461-2

Year: AD 1855-1917

Material: Gold and Enamel

Provenance: Jakobowicz & Associes 2025

This is a military version of the Order of Saint Anna produced between AD 1908 and AD 1917, of undetermined class. It is a miniature made for collection purposes or for wear other than with full formal dress.

The central medallion on the obverse consists of a white disc with a rim, painted with the standing figure of Saint Anna in a forest setting. Saint Anna is represented as the mother of the Virgin Mary and the grandmother of Jesus Christ. When the recipient was not a Christian, the image of Saint Anna was replaced by the imperial double-headed eagle. The four arms of the cross are gold, with their interiors filled with red enamel. Between the angles of the four arms are openwork foliate ornaments. From the late eighteenth to the early nineteenth century, insignia of the higher classes were often embellished with crystal glass imitations of gemstones set into these openwork elements. From AD 1855 onwards, awards made for military merit were additionally fitted with two crossed swords placed above the openwork decoration.

On the reverse, the central medallion bears the painted enamel cypher “AIFM” in blue on a white ground, standing for Amantibus Justitiam, Pietatem, Fidem, meaning “To those who love justice, piety, and faith.” The Order of Saint Anna is suspended from a circular ring connecting it to the ribbon, which is red with yellow edging, and is worn on the left side of the chest.

The Order of Saint Anna was instituted in AD 1735 by Duke Karl Friedrich of Holstein-Gottorp to commemorate the tenth anniversary of his marriage to Anna, daughter of Peter the Great, and was originally a dynastic order of that house. It has been suggested that the motto abbreviated as “AIFM” also conceals the phrase Anna Imperatori Petri Filia (“Anna, daughter of Emperor Peter”). It is also possible that the “Anna” referred to was Empress Anna Ivanovna, who was reigning in Saint Petersburg at the time.

The Grand Master of this dynastic order was Prince Karl Peter Ulrich (the future Emperor Peter III). From AD 1742, after he was proclaimed heir to the Russian throne, the Order of Saint Anna began to be conferred in Russia. After the death of Peter III in AD 1762, his son Paul succeeded him as Grand Master and heir of the order. In AD 1773, Catherine II renounced her rights and titles to the Holstein territories, thereby depriving the Order of Saint Anna of its state character; nevertheless, Paul Petrovich retained the title of Grand Master and the right to confer the order. Paul is known to have secretly bestowed the order upon close associates, stipulating that the insignia be affixed to the hilt of a sword so that it could be concealed by the hand if necessary. On 5 April AD 1797, the day of his coronation, Emperor Paul I Petrovich proclaimed the Order of Saint Anna an imperial Russian order, establishing three classes, with the star of the first class worn on the right breast rather than on the left.

The order could be awarded for both military and civil merit. Its relatively low position in the hierarchy of Russian orders contributed to its wide distribution; in most cases it ranked only slightly above the lowest order, that of Saint Stanislaus. According to the decree of AD 1847, the third-class cross of Saint Anna could be awarded to officials who had served continuously for twelve years in the same post and held a rank not lower than the eighth class, effectively making it a long-service award. Military personnel were eligible only after at least eight years of service and if holding a rank not lower than captain (lieutenant in the cavalry, ensign in the navy).

Originally, the cross of the Order of Saint Anna was made of dark red, “ruby-coloured” glass, as was also the case with the Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky. By decree of AD 1816, a new type of insignia was introduced: gold, covered on both obverse and reverse with red enamel, and often produced by independent jewellers. In AD 1828, during the Russo–Turkish War, awards for military merit were supplemented with a bow made from the order’s ribbon; from AD 1855 onwards, as with other orders, the Order of Saint Anna was also fitted with two crossed swords. A decree of AD 1857 restored the bow for the third class, so that officers awarded for military merit received insignia bearing both swords and bow.

The fourth class of the Order of Saint Anna was instituted in AD 1815 and was awarded exclusively to officers. Its form was not a cross but a circular badge: a red enamel cross on a gold ground, surrounded by a red circular band, with a gold crown above the cross. The insignia was small in size and was colloquially known in military usage as the “little cranberry.” It was originally designed to be affixed to the hilt of a sabre, broadsword, or dagger, and therefore had a screw fitting on the reverse. From AD 1828 onwards, it was accompanied by a sword knot made from the order’s ribbon. Most officers who saw combat wore a weapon bearing the “little cranberry”; this award was often not granted for a single act of heroism but for participation in several engagements, provided that the officer had been in attacking formations or under enemy fire on the front line.

The Medals of Order of St. Anna, which formed part of the system of the Order of Saint Anna, was instituted on 12 November AD 1796. It was intended to reward acts of bravery performed by soldiers on the battlefield. From AD 1807 onwards, the Medals of Order of St. Anna was also conferred upon soldiers, non-commissioned officers, and sailors as an award for “twenty years of irreproachable service.” Recipients were exempted from corporal punishment and were entitled to an increase in pay. According to surviving data, 6,042 medals were awarded in AD 1797; by AD 1806 the number of recipients had reached 45,893; by AD 1820 it had risen to 97,207; and by AD 1831 it had increased to 171,841.

In AD 1859, following a reduction in the required length of service for lower ranks, the regulations governing the Medals of Order of St. Anna were revised accordingly. Under the new statute of AD 1864, the medal was defined as an award for lower military ranks, intended to recognise “special merits not involving combat, but accompanied by courage and self-sacrifice,” a distinction that set it apart from the Saint George Cross awarded to soldiers. From AD 1888 onwards, the Medals of Order of St. Anna was also conferred upon non-commissioned officers who had completed ten years of service with an unblemished record. Those awarded the medal for “special merit” wore it with a bow made from the order’s ribbon, whereas those awarded it for length of service wore it without a bow. As with the Saint George Medal, this award was not revoked upon the recipient’s promotion to commissioned officer rank.

物件編號: M328

年代: 公元 1855-1917 年

材質: 黃金, 琺瑯

來源: 雅各博維奇拍賣行 2025

這是一枚公元1908至1917年間製作的軍事版聖安娜勳章，等級不明。為供收藏或別於正裝上而製作的迷你版。

勳章中央圓章為鑲邊的白色圓盤，圓盤上彩繪站在森林中的聖安娜，即聖母瑪利亞其母親、聖子耶穌之外祖母的形象。若獲頒者為非基督徒，改以象徵帝國的雙頭鷹取代聖安娜。十字四臂鑲金，輪廓內填以紅色琺瑯。十字四臂的四個角隅間各飾以鏤空的花葉裝飾。在18世紀末至19世紀初，高等級勳章的徽章常以水晶玻璃仿寶石，綴於鏤空裝飾部分。公元1855年起，因軍功獲頒者加配兩柄交叉的配件，位於鏤空裝飾之上。

背面中央圓章為白底藍字花押的彩繪琺瑯「AIFM」，即「Amantibus Justitiam, Pietatem, Fidem」，譯為「獻給熱愛正義、虔誠和信仰的人們」。聖安娜勳章頂端以圓環銜接綬帶，配色為鑲黃的紅色綬帶，配戴於左胸位置。

聖安娜勳章由霍爾斯坦-戈托普公爵卡爾·弗里德里希於1735年設立，以紀念其與彼得大帝之女安娜的結婚十週年，是為該家族的王朝勳章(dynastic order)。據稱勳章格言的「AIFM」，亦隱含「Anna Imperatori Petri Filia」，即「安娜，彼得皇帝之女」之意。也可能此「安娜」是指在位於彼得堡的女皇安娜·伊凡諾芙娜。

該家族勳章的大團長由卡爾．彼得．烏爾里希親王擔任（即後來的皇帝彼得三世）。自公元1742年起，當他被宣布為俄羅斯王位繼承人後，便開始在俄國授予聖安娜勳章。公元1762年彼得三世去世後，其子保羅繼任為勳章大團長與繼承人。公元1773年，葉卡捷琳娜二世放棄了對霍爾斯坦領地的權利與頭銜，使聖安娜勳章失去國家屬性；然而保羅．彼得羅維奇仍保留其大團長身分及授勳權。保羅曾秘密地向親信授予該勳章，並規定所頒勳章須固定於佩劍護手處，以便必要時可用手遮掩。公元1797年4月5日，在其加冕典禮當天，保羅一世·彼得羅維奇宣布聖安娜勳章為俄羅斯帝國勳章，設三個等級，其中聖安娜一等勳章的星章並非佩戴於左胸，而是佩戴於右胸。

該勳章既可因軍功授予，亦可因文職功績授予。其在俄羅斯勳章序列中地位不高，使其得以廣泛流通；多數情況下，僅比最低級的聖斯坦尼斯拉夫勳章稍高。根據1847年敕令，三級安娜十字可授予「同一職位連續服務滿十二年且不低於第八等官階」的官員，實際上等同於年資勳章。軍人則僅在服役八年以上，且軍階不低於上尉（騎兵為中尉，海軍為少尉）時方可獲授。

最初，聖安娜勳章的十字以深紅色「紅寶石色」玻璃製成（如同亞歷山大．涅夫斯基勳章）。依公元1816年的敕令，改為新式徽章：金質，正反兩面皆覆紅色琺瑯，多委由獨立珠寶商製造。公元1828年，於俄土戰爭期間，因戰功授予的聖安娜勳章增添了以勳章綬帶製成的花結；自公元1855年起，如同其他勳章一般，聖安娜勳章亦開始加配兩把交叉佩劍。公元1857年的敕令恢復了三級聖安娜勳章的花結，使得軍官因戰功所獲勳章同時具有佩劍與花結。

四級聖安娜勳章於公元1815年設立，僅授予軍官。其形制並非十字，而為圓形徽章：在金底上為紅色琺瑯十字，外圍以紅色圓環包圍，十字上方為金質皇冠。徽章尺寸較小，在軍中俗稱為「小紅莓」，原設計為固定於軍刀、軍刀護手、彎刀或短劍的護手部位，因而背面設有螺釘。公元1828年起，需繫以勳章綬帶製成的劍穗。多數參戰軍官皆曾佩帶「小紅莓」武器；此獎章往往並非因單一英勇行為而授予，而是因參與多場戰鬥，只要軍官曾在攻擊隊形中或於第一線承受敵火，即有資格獲授。

四級聖安娜勳章於公元1815年設立，僅授予軍官。其形制並非十字，而為圓形徽章：在金底上為紅色琺瑯十字，外圍以紅色圓環包圍，十字上方為金質皇冠。徽章尺寸較小，在軍中俗稱為「小紅莓」，原設計為固定於軍刀、軍刀護手、彎刀或短劍的護手部位，因而背面設有螺釘。公元1828年起，需繫以勳章綬帶製成的劍穗。多數參戰軍官皆曾佩帶「小紅莓」武器；此獎章往往並非因單一英勇行為而授予，而是因參與多場戰鬥，只要軍官曾在攻擊隊形中或於第一線承受敵火，即有資格獲授。

同屬於聖安娜勳章體系的聖安娜獎章於公元1796年11月12日設立。用以獎勵戰場上士兵的英勇行為。自公元1807年起，聖安娜獎章亦開始授予士兵、下級軍官與水兵，作為「無瑕疵服役二十年」的獎勵。獲授者可免除體罰，並可獲得薪俸加給。目前資料中，公元1797年共頒發6,042枚；至公元1806年，獲授者達45,893人；公元1820年為97,207人；公元1831年則增至171,841人。公元1859年，由於下級軍官服役年限縮短，聖安娜獎章的制度亦隨之修訂。依公元1864年新章程，該獎章被定義為授予下級軍階之獎勵，用於表彰「非戰鬥行為，但伴隨勇氣與自我犧牲的特殊功績」，此一性質使其有別於士兵用的聖喬治十字。公元1888年起，聖安娜獎章亦授予服役滿十年、表現無可指摘的下級軍官。因「特殊功績」獲授者，佩戴帶有勳章綬帶花結的獎章；因服役年限獲授者，則不佩花結。與聖喬治獎章相同，此獎章在獲授者晉升為軍官後亦不予取消。