Item number: M461-7

Year: AD 1863-1924

Material: Gold, Enamel

Provenance: Jakobowicz & Associes 2025

This is a miniature version of the Order of the Redeemer issued by the Kingdom of Greece. Miniatures were often privately commissioned and independently manufactured for occasions in which wearing the full insignia was impractical, yet the display of the decoration was still required.

At the centre of the obverse medallion is a polychrome enamel half-length image of Christ Pantokrator. As an iconographic type rich in theological meaning, the Pantokrator can be traced back to the sixth and seventh centuries, most notably to the wall paintings of the Monastery of Saint Catherine on Mount Sinai, and was likely already widespread throughout the Byzantine Empire at that time. Christ is depicted wearing a red tunic beneath a blue mantle, with a halo behind His head. His right hand is raised, with the thumb, ring finger, and little finger bent, while the index and middle fingers remain extended. In Byzantine symbolic language, this gesture signifies the blessing “Peace be with you” (Pax vobis). The left hand customarily holds the Bible, symbolising truth; however, in the insignia of this order, Christ is shown holding a document. This may be associated with the Greek Constitution of AD 1864, or alternatively may symbolise the Epidaurus Constitution of AD 1822; the precise interpretation remains uncertain. Surrounding the image of Christ on the miniature is a circular Greek inscription in abbreviated form, “Η ΔΕ·ΣΟ·ΧΕ·ΚΥ ΔΕΔ·ΕΝ·ΙΣΧ”, corresponding to the full official inscription “Η ΔΕΞΙΑ ΣΟΥ ΧΕΙΡ, ΚΥΡΙΕ, ΔΕΔΟΞΑΣΤΑΙ ΕΝ ΙΣΧΥΙ”, translated as “Thy right hand, O Lord, is become glorious in power” (Exodus 15:6). The central medallion is set within a white-enamelled Maltese cross edged in gold, superimposed upon a wreath composed of laurel and oak branches. Above the cross is suspended a Greek royal crown, which from AD 1835 became a symbol of royal authority. At the summit of the crown, the globus cruciger is pierced by a ring serving to attach the ribbon.

The reverse features at its centre the Greek national emblem that had become widely disseminated since the Greek War of Independence: a white equal-armed cross on a blue ground, outlined in gold. Separated by a circular band, the outer ring bears an abbreviated Greek inscription, “Η·ΕΝ·ΑΕΘ·ΤΩΝ·ΕΛΛ·ΣΥ·”, corresponding to the full official inscription “Η ΕΝ ΑΡΓΕΙ Δ´ ΕΘΝΙΚΗ ΤΩΝ ΕΛΛΗΝΩΝ ΣΥΝΕΛΕΥΣΙΣ”, meaning “The Fourth National Assembly of the Hellenes at Argos”. To the left appears “ΑΩΚΘ”, the Greek numerical notation for AD 1829, the year in which the Fourth National Assembly at Argos was convened. At this assembly, delegates from various regions were, for the first time, chosen by direct election, thereby acquiring broad political legitimacy. It was also at this assembly that the establishment of the Order of the Redeemer and its order of knighthood was resolved. The remaining elements of the cross and wreath correspond to those on the obverse.

In AD 1829, at the Fourth National Assembly of the Hellenes at Argos, the decision was taken to establish the Order of the Redeemer and its order of knighthood. It was formally proclaimed in AD 1833 by King Otto I, “to commemorate the liberation and salvation of Greece under the protection of God”. A principal motivation for the institution of the order was to reward citizens who had participated in the Greek War of Independence, as well as the enthusiastic support provided by various European states. The first award of the Order of the Redeemer was conferred upon the most eminent figure of the Philhellenic movement, King Ludwig I of Bavaria, the father of King Otto I. The Order of the Redeemer is divided into five classes: the Grand Cross Class, comprising a sash and a star worn on the left breast; the Grand Commander Class, comprising a neck badge and a star worn on the right breast; the Commander Class, comprising a neck badge; the Gold Cross Knight Class, also known as the Officer Class, worn on the breast ribbon; and the Silver Cross Knight Class, also known as the Knight Class, likewise worn on the breast ribbon. All classes except the fifth are of gold. At the time of its establishment in AD 1833, the obverse bore the portrait of King Otto I; following his deposition in AD 1862 and the accession of King George I, the portrait of Otto was replaced by the image of Jesus Christ. During periods of republican government, the Greek royal crown used as the suspension was removed. In addition to being awarded to those who contributed to the War of Independence, the Order of the Redeemer has also been conferred upon Greek citizens and foreign nationals for distinguished service in various fields. It remains the oldest order still in existence in Greece.

After nearly four centuries of Ottoman rule, Greece succeeded in achieving independence through the combined forces of nationalism and the support of the European Great Powers, and gained international recognition in AD 1830. A monarchical system was subsequently established, with Otto I of Bavaria installed as king. In AD 1862, Otto was deposed, and the throne passed to George I of the House of Glücksburg. Following the First World War, military defeat and domestic crises led Greece to proclaim the Second Republic in AD 1924; however, political instability persisted, and in AD 1935 the monarchy was restored by plebiscite. After the Second World War and German occupation, Greece descended into civil war, and in AD 1967 a military coup abolished the monarchy and established an authoritarian junta. Following the collapse of the junta, a referendum in AD 1974 formally abolished the monarchy and established the Third Republic, under which Greece has since remained, joining the European Communities in AD 1981.

物件編號: M461-7

年代: 公元 1863-1924 年

材質: 黃金、琺瑯

來源: 雅各博維奇拍賣行 2025

這是一枚希臘王國所頒發之「救主勳章」的迷你版。迷你版多為私人獨立委託製造，用以於不方便配戴正章，但仍需展示勳章的場合使用。

勳章正面中央圓章為全能者基督的彩繪琺瑯半身像，全能者(Pantokrator)作為一個具有豐富神學意義的圖像設計，最早可以追溯至六至七世紀的聖凱薩琳修道院壁畫，可能當時便已經在拜占庭帝國廣泛流傳。耶穌身著紅衣，外罩藍色外袍，腦後有光環。其右手微舉，食指、中指外的其餘三指彎曲。於拜占庭帝國的文化符號中，這正是代表「願平安與你們同在」(Pax vobis)的祝福。左手一般手執聖經，象徵真理，但勳章章圖中所執為一張文件，可能與公元1864年希臘新憲法有關，也可能象徵公元1822年的厄庇達洛斯憲法，具體待考。迷你版的基督像周圍環列希臘文縮寫「Η ΔΕ·ΣΟ·ΧΕ·ΚΥ ΔΕΔ·ΕΝ·ΙΣΧ」，即官方版的完整銘文「Η ΔΕΞΙΑ ΣΟΥ ΧΕΙΡ, ΚΥΡΙΕ, ΔΕΔΟΞΑΣΤΑΙ ΕΝ ΙΣΧΥΙ」，譯為「主啊，祢的右手在能力中顯為榮耀」(《出埃及記》15:6)。四方為白色琺瑯鑲金的馬爾他十字，再疊於月桂枝葉與橡樹枝葉組成的花冠之上。十字架上方懸掛頂飾則為希臘王冠，於公元1835年起成為王權象徵。王冠頂部十字聖球則有圓環穿過，用以固定襟綬的綬帶。

勳章背面中央圓章為希臘獨立戰爭起便廣為流傳的希臘國徽，藍底白色等臂十字，章圖中以金線勾勒輪廓。以環相隔，外側環列希臘文縮寫「Η·ΕΝ·ΑΕΘ·ΤΩΝ·ΕΛΛ·ΣΥ·」，即官方版的完整銘文「Η ΕΝ ΑΡΓΕΙ Δ´ ΕΘΝΙΚΗ ΤΩΝ ΕΛΛΗΝΩΝ ΣΥΝΕΛΕΥΣΙΣ」，意為「阿爾戈斯第四屆希臘民族大會」，左側為「ΑΩΚΘ」，為以希臘文紀年的公元1829年，即阿爾戈斯第四屆希臘民族大會的召開年分。在該次大會中，各地代表首次由直接選舉所產生，因而首度取得了廣泛的正當性。同時，也正是在這次大會中，決議成立救主勳章及其騎士團。其餘十字及桂冠則與正面設計一致。

公元1829年，於阿爾戈斯第四屆希臘民族大會中，決議成立救主勳章及其騎士團。後於公元1833年，由國王鄂圖一世正式宣告成立，「以紀念在上帝的庇佑下，使希臘獲得解放及拯救」。勳章設立的重要動機，是用以酬謝於希臘獨立戰爭中，參與戰爭的公民，以及歐洲諸國的傾情支援。第一枚救主勳章，便授予了親希臘主義運動中，最為位高權重者，鄂圖一世其父，巴伐利亞國王路德維希一世。救主勳章分為五個等級，第一為大十字級(Grand Cross Class)，為大綬加左胸星章；第二為大指揮官級(Grand Commander Class)，為領綬加右胸星章；第三為指揮官級(Commander Class)，為領綬；第四為金十字騎士級(Gold Cross Knight Class)，也稱為軍官級(Office Class)，為襟綬；第五為銀十字騎士級(Silver Cross Knight Class)，也稱為騎士級(Knight Class)，為襟綬。除第五級外均為金質。公元1833年設立之初，正面為國王鄂圖一世肖像，至公元1862年，政變被廢，新王喬治一世即位後，將鄂圖肖像改為耶穌基督像。於共和時期，懸掛頂飾的希臘王冠則被去除。除了授予於獨立戰爭有貢獻之人士外，救主勳章也授予任何領域中有貢獻的希臘公民或外國人士。至今為希臘現行最古老的勳章。

經過近四個世紀的鄂圖曼帝國統治，希臘人在民族主義與歐洲列強支持下成功爭取獨立，並於公元1830年獲得國際承認，隨後建立王國體制，由巴伐利亞的奧托一世出任國王；公元1862年奧托被廢黜，王位轉由德國格呂克斯堡王朝的喬治一世承繼。至第一次世界大戰後，因戰敗與內政危機，希臘於公元1924年宣布成立第二共和，但政局不穩，公元1935年再度經公投恢復王政。第二次世界大戰與德國佔領後，希臘陷入內戰，公元1967年軍事政變中，國王被廢，建立專制的軍政府；軍政府倒台後，公元1974年舉行公投正式廢除王室，建立第三共和，此後維持共和體制，並於公元1981年加入歐洲共同體。