Item number: M461-8

Year: AD 1888-1963

Material: Gold, Silver, Enamel

Provenance: Jakobowicz & Associes 2025

This is an Order of Nichan El-Anouar, established by Ahmed ben Mohamed, Sultan of Tadjourah, a ruler under French protection. The miniature version was intended for use on occasions when wearing the full-size insignia was impractical, and was usually privately commissioned by the recipient.

The obverse medallion is circular, bearing a white five-pointed star on a blue ground. The ten edges and five points of the star, together with the lines connecting them to the centre, are outlined in gold wire, probably to suggest the three-dimensional form of the central star in the full-size insignia. Separated by a ring, the outer field is filled with red enamel and encircled by the inscription “نيشان الأنوار” (Nišān al-Anwār), rendered in French as Ordre du Nichan El-Anouar, which may be translated as the “Order of Light” or the “Order of Enlightenment.” Surrounding the medallion are ten silver star-rays set with small diamonds, with a gilt five-pointed star placed between each ray-tip. The suspension device takes the form of a royal crown; for religious reasons, the cross surmounting the orb between the arches of the crown was replaced by a crescent. The central convex medallion is hollow on the reverse, while the star-rays and gilt stars are plain and undecorated.

The Order of Nichan el Anouar was founded on 14 October AD 1887 by Ahmed ben Mohamed, Sultan and King of Tadjourah, and was recognised by the French government on 17 July AD 1888. Its stated purpose was “to perpetuate the memory of that happy moment when the Sultan of Tadjourah and his people found themselves under the glorious protection of France.” The structure of the order was modelled on that of the French Legion of Honour and comprised five classes: Grand Cross, Grand Officer, Commander, Officer, and Knight. The first recipient of the Grand Cross was General Faidherbe, possibly in recognition of his services during his tenure as Governor of Senegal. In AD 1896, following a reorganisation, the Order of Nichan el Anouar was transformed into a colonial order of merit. In AD 1950, it was merged with the Order of the Black Star and the Order of the Star of Anjouan to form the Order of Overseas France. It was ultimately abolished in AD 1963. In AD 2017, to commemorate the 130th anniversary of the order’s foundation and the 40th anniversary of the independence of the Republic of Djibouti, the former ruling family of the Sultan of Tadjourah resolved to restore the Order of Nichan el Anouar, in order to honour citizens of the Republic of Djibouti who have rendered services to the Tadjourah region.

Originally, the ribbon had a red ground, edged on each side, from the outside inward, with narrow blue and white stripes, and bearing a narrow black stripe at the centre. In AD 1899, in order to avoid confusion with the ribbon of the Legion of Honour, it was changed to three equal vertical stripes of blue, white, and blue.

In the late nineteenth century, the area of present-day Djibouti had not yet formed a modern state, but constituted a strategic zone at the junction of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. France’s initial involvement arose from the Second French Empire’s investment in the Suez Canal, together with considerations of naval supply and maritime security, leading in AD 1862 to intervention in disputes between local sultans and Ottoman governors. With the opening of the Suez Canal in AD 1869, the Red Sea route became a focal corridor contested by France, Britain, and other powers. After the establishment of the Third Republic (Troisième République), a growing consensus in favour of colonial expansion emerged, accompanied by efforts to construct a strategic network across Africa linking West Africa to the Indian Ocean.

Against this background, the local political order around the Gulf of Tadjourah remained largely under the leadership of figures from the Afar and Issa clan communities. Among them was Hummad b. Mahámmad b. Mandáytu, whom some French sources refer to as “Sultan Hamed” or “Hamed ben Mohamed,” who ruled as Sultan from AD 1880 to AD 1912 and witnessed the gradual transformation of French colonial policy. As sultan, his authority derived not from fixed territorial boundaries or a bureaucratic apparatus in the modern sense, but from control over port access, the protection of caravans, and the management of tribal alliances. France sought, through treaties, to secure supply ports and diplomatic legitimacy, while Hummad used the French military presence to counterbalance pressures from Britain and the Ethiopian Empire, thereby reinforcing his standing within local society.

In AD 1896, France formally established the Côte française des Somalis (French Somaliland), marking Djibouti’s transition from a sphere of influence governed by treaties to a formal French colony. This shift was closely connected to the institutionalisation of French colonial policy at home. By the late nineteenth century, the Ministry of the Colonies (Ministère des Colonies) progressively strengthened direct oversight of overseas territories, and colonial governance moved from negotiation with local authorities towards administrative rule. In this process, the political role of Hummad b. Mahámmad b. Mandáytu changed markedly: although he continued to be recognised as a local authority, his function was increasingly confined to that of an auxiliary within the colonial order. Through legal, fiscal, and policing mechanisms, the colonial administration transferred power from personal networks to bureaucratic structures. By the early twentieth century, as French military and administrative control consolidated, local rulers were progressively marginalised.

After the Second World War, the French colonial empire faced fundamental challenges. The Fourth Republic (Quatrième République), established in AD 1946, on the one hand acknowledged the expansion of citizenship rights in overseas territories, while on the other attempted to preserve the imperial framework through the French Union (Union française). Within this structure, French Somaliland was redefined as an “overseas territory” rather than a conventional colony. In AD 1958, as Charles de Gaulle promoted constitutional reform leading to the Fifth Republic (Cinquième République), referendums were held in several territories. In French Somaliland, the vote favoured remaining within the French system, a result closely linked to adjustments in the electoral structure and to the French government’s mobilisation of fears concerning security and economic stability.

In AD 1967, the colony was renamed the Territoire français des Afars et des Issas (French Territory of the Afars and Issas), reflecting France’s attempt to sustain its legitimacy by invoking a discourse of ethnic balance. This change of name, however, did not resolve the underlying issues of political power distribution. In the 1970s, following Algerian independence, French attitudes towards the colonial empire shifted once again, and France gradually adopted a post-colonial model that sought to retain strategic bases while relinquishing political sovereignty. In AD 1977, amid mounting international pressure and intensified local political mobilisation, France finally agreed to Djibouti’s independence. The Republic of Djibouti (République de Djibouti) was established in the same year, bringing nearly eighty years of French colonial rule to an end. Nevertheless, the administrative structures, patterns of power concentration, and logics of ethnic politics forged during the colonial period did not disappear with independence, but continued to exert a profound influence on the political development of the new state.

物件編號: M461-8

年代: 公元 1888-1963 年

材質: 黃金、銀、琺瑯

來源: 雅各博維奇拍賣行 2025

這是一枚由法國的保護國，塔朱拉蘇丹，艾哈邁德·本·穆罕默德（Ahmed ben Mohamed）所設立的尼尚－埃爾－阿努瓦爾勳章，為軍官級。迷你版則用於在不方便配戴正章的場合使用，多由獲頒者自行委託製造。

勳章的正面圓章為藍底的白色五角星，五角星的十個邊和五個角與中心的連線，以金線勾勒出輪廓，大概是為了表達正式版勳章中，中央五角星的立體形狀。以環相隔，外側填以紅色琺瑯，並環列章銘「نيشان الأنوار」(Nišān al-Anwār)，法文轉寫為「Ordre du Nichan El-Anouar」，可意譯為「光明勳章」或「啟蒙勳章」。圓章外有銀質星芒十道，鑲有碎鑽，星芒尖端之間各有一鍍金的五角星。勳章懸掛頂飾為王冠，冠間十字聖球之十字因宗教原因改為新月。正面圓凸圓章的圓章，其背部為空心，星芒與金星則光平無紋。

尼尚－埃爾－阿努瓦爾勳章，由塔朱拉之蘇丹、國王艾哈邁德．本．穆罕默德（Ahmed ben Mohamed），於公元1887年10月14日設立，該勳章於1888年7月17日獲法國政府承認。其宗旨在於：「延續塔朱拉蘇丹本人及其人民，置身於光榮法國保護之下那一幸福時刻的記憶。」勳章制度模仿法國榮譽軍團勳章，設為五個等級：大十字、大軍官、指揮官、軍官及騎士級。其首位大十字勳位獲授者為費代爾布將軍（Général Faidherbe），可能是為了追敘其於塞內加爾總督任內的貢獻。公元1896年，經改制，尼尚－埃爾－阿努瓦爾勳章成為殖民地功績勳章。公元1950年，與黑星勳章、昂儒昂之星勳章一同合併為「海外法蘭西勳章」。最終，於公元1963年廢除。公元2017年，為紀念勳章創設130週年，以及吉布地共和國獨立40週年，已不再執政的塔朱拉蘇丹家族決議恢復尼尚－埃爾－阿努瓦爾勳章，表彰對塔朱拉地區有貢獻的吉布地共和國公民。

最初，綬帶以紅為底色，兩側由外至內各鑲細窄的藍、白色色帶，正中央為細窄的黑色色帶。公元1899年，為避免與榮譽軍團勳章之綬帶誤認，改為等寬的三道色帶，為藍、白、藍。

十九世紀末的今日吉布地地區，尚未構成現代國家，而是位於紅海與亞丁灣交會處的戰略要地。而法國的最初介入，是出於法蘭西第二帝國對於蘇伊士運河的投資，以及海軍補給和航線安全的考量，因而於公元1862年，介入本地蘇丹與鄂圖曼總督的紛爭。隨著蘇伊士運河（Suez Canal）於公元1869年通航，紅海航線成為法國、英國與其他列強爭奪的核心通道。第三共和國（Troisième République）建政後，對殖民擴張的共識逐漸形成，試圖在非洲建立一條由西非通往印度洋的戰略網絡。

在此背景下，塔朱拉灣一帶的地方政治秩序，仍主要由阿法爾人與伊薩斯氏族社群中的領袖所主導。其中，胡馬德·本·穆罕默德·本·曼達伊圖（Hummad b. Mahámmad b. Mandáytu），一些法國文獻常稱其為「蘇丹哈米德」（Sultan Hamed）或「哈米德·本·穆罕默德」（Hamed ben Mohamed），於公元1880年至1912年任蘇丹，見證了法國殖民政策的逐漸轉變。作為蘇丹，其權力基礎實際上來自對港口通行、商隊保護與部族聯盟的掌控，而非一般認知的固定疆界或官僚體系。法國希望透過條約取得補給港與外交合法性；胡馬德則藉由法國的軍事存在，制衡英國與衣索比亞帝國的壓力，同時強化自身在地方社會中的地位。

公元1896年，法國正式設立「法屬索馬利海岸」（Côte française des Somalis），標誌著吉布地從條約型勢力範圍，轉化為法國的正式殖民地。這一轉變，與法國國內殖民政策的制度化密切相關。十九世紀末，法國殖民部（Ministère des Colonies）逐步強化對海外領地的直接管理，殖民治理開始由「地方協商」轉向「行政統治」。在此過程中，胡馬德·本·穆罕默德·本·曼達伊圖的政治角色發生明顯轉變。雖然他仍被承認為地方權威，但其功能逐漸被限縮為殖民秩序的輔助者。殖民政府透過法律、稅收與治安制度，將權力由人際網絡轉移至官僚結構。二十世紀初，隨著法國軍政控制的穩固，地方統治者逐步被邊緣化。

第二次世界大戰後，法國殖民帝國面臨根本性挑戰。公元1946年成立的第四共和國（Quatrième République），一方面承認海外領地的公民權擴張，另一方面又試圖透過「法蘭西聯盟」（Union française）維持帝國結構。法屬索馬利海岸在此架構下，被重新包裝為「海外領土」，而非單純殖民地。公元1958年，在戴高樂（Charles de Gaulle）推動第五共和國（Cinquième République）憲政改革的同時，法國舉行多地公民投票。法屬索馬利海岸的投票結果支持繼續留在法國體系內，這與法國政府對選民結構的調整、對安全與經濟恐懼的操作密切相關。

公元1967年，殖民地更名為「法屬阿法爾與伊薩斯領地」（Territoire français des Afars et des Issas），象徵法國試圖以族群平衡的語言，延續其統治合法性。然而，這種改名並未解決政治權力分配的根本問題。進入公元1970年代，在阿爾及利亞獨立後，法國國內對殖民帝國的態度再次轉向。法國逐步接受「保留戰略據點、放棄政治主權」的後殖民模式。公元1977年，在國際壓力與地方政治動員加劇的情況下，法國最終同意吉布地獨立。吉布地共和國（République de Djibouti）於同年成立，結束近八十年的法國殖民統治。然而，殖民時期建立的行政體制、權力集中模式與族群政治邏輯，並未隨獨立而消失，而是深刻影響了新國家的政治發展。