Item number: M461-11

Year: AD 1926-1956

Material: Gold, Enamel

Provenance: Jakobowicz & Associes 2025

This is an Alaouite Order, also known as the Alaouite Sharifian Order (Ouissam Alaouite Chérifien). It is the 1934 type, with circulation and conferment dating approximately between AD 1926 and AD 1956. The present example is a miniature, intended for wear on occasions when the full-size insignia was impractical.

The obverse takes the form of a five-pointed star. Each arm is enamelled white, edged with red enamel, and outlined with fine gold wire, with a small gold bead at each point. The spaces between the arms are linked by green enamelled palm fronds. The central medallion is filled with translucent red enamel of an orange-red hue, closely resembling carnelian (carnaline), a variety of chalcedony traditionally valued in Moroccan jewellery for its reputed talismanic and protective qualities. In gold Arabic script, the medallion bears the inscription “الجلالة اليوسفية” (Aljalāla Alyoussoufiya), meaning “His Majesty Youssouf.” The five-pointed star (pentacle), known in Islamic culture as the moukhammas, is regarded as a sacred symbol through its association with the Five Pillars of Islam, the five holy figures, and the five daily prayers. The pentagram remains to this day a central element of the Moroccan national flag.

The reverse is centred on a gold medallion, enamelled in a deeper red consistent with Sharifian royal tradition, depicting the red parasol (parasol chérifien), an emblem of Sharifian sovereignty. This parasol symbolises the Sultan’s supreme authority and divine protection, drawing upon a long-standing Eastern tradition in which the parasol represents a microcosmic image of the celestial vault and the majesty of kingship. The remainder of the design corresponds to that of the obverse.

The ribbon of the Alaouite Order was originally plain orange. Although not a traditional Islamic symbolic colour, it became the defining colour of the order. By decree in AD 1934, the ribbon was modified to retain the orange ground while adding a narrow vertical white stripe on each side.

The Alaouite Order is divided into five classes:

1. Grand Cordon: sash with a silver breast star worn on the left chest.
2. Grand Officer: sash with a silver breast star worn on the right chest.
3. Commander: neck badge.
4. Officer: breast badge with rosette.
5. Knight: breast badge in silver.

The direct predecessor of the Alaouite Sharifian Order was the Hafidian Order (Ouissam Hafidien), established in AD 1910 by Sultan Moulay Abd al-Hafid, the so-called “Sultan of Jihad,” in a political context marked by resistance to European encroachment, the call for holy war, and the defence of Islamic order. Strongly imbued with religious and anti-colonial symbolism, the Hafidian Order rapidly lost its political foundation following the establishment of the French Protectorate in AD 1912 and the Sultan’s abdication, and was formally abolished in AD 1913.

In AD 1913, the newly installed Sultan Moulay Youssef, supported by the French authorities and under the decisive influence of the Resident-General, General Lyautey, founded the Alaouite Sharifian Order to replace the Hafidian Order. In principle, it was intended to reward members of the occupying forces in Morocco, but it was soon extended, by exception, to civil and military officials who rendered services to Morocco. After AD 1934, an additional requirement was introduced, stipulating a minimum of five years’ service in Morocco.

At its creation, conferments of the order were primarily made during three major Muslim festivals: the Lesser Eid (Aïd es-Séghir), the Feast of Sacrifice (Aïd el-Kébir), and the Prophet’s Birthday (Aïd el-Mouloud).

While similar in form to the Hafidian Order and retaining Islamic stylistic elements and symbols of royal authority, the new order was fully integrated into the French administrative system. The star originally bore the Islamic profession of faith (the chaâda), and the reverse featured the Sharifian parasol, thereby emphasising the Sultan’s religious leadership in a manner consistent with the Protectorate’s policy of indirect rule through the preservation of tradition.

From AD 1926 onwards, the chaâda formerly inscribed on the arms of the star was removed, without any official decree at the time. This change is often attributed to the resignation of Lyautey in AD 1925 and to the broader context in which France was reinforcing its colonial presence in North Africa, notably through the celebration of the centenary of French Algeria and the fiftieth anniversary of the Tunisian Protectorate. In AD 1934, the removal was formalised by decree, marking a clear transition from a “religious–political honour” to a secularised colonial decoration. Concurrently, the ribbon was altered by adding white stripes to the orange ground in order to avoid confusion with the ribbon of the Legion of Honour.

In AD 1954, following the exile of Sultan Mohammed V (Mohammed ben Youssef) by the French authorities and the accession of Mohammed ben Arafa, the central inscription was altered. The reference to “His Majesty Youssouf” was replaced by the more abstract dynastic designation “His Sharifian Majesty,” shifting the symbolic emphasis from an individual ruler to institutionalised royal authority.

In AD 1956, Morocco attained independence. The Alaouite Order thereafter became a dynastic order of the Moroccan monarchy and has continued in use to the present day without further modification to its form.

From AD 1913 to the present, and even including its predecessor, the Hafidian Order, the official manufacture of the insignia has been entrusted to the Parisian jeweller and private firm Maison Arthus-Bertrand, whose marks include the boar’s head or eagle’s head punch, and which also offered miniature versions in various sizes. Nevertheless, other manufacturers, notably Lemaitre and Delande, also produced and sold their own versions of the insignia over extended periods. The Delande firm is identifiable by its hallmark consisting of the initials “MD” accompanied by a bee with outstretched wings.

物件編號: M461-11

年代: 公元 1905-1912 年

材質: 黃金、琺瑯

來源: 雅各博維奇拍賣行 2025

這是一枚阿拉維勳章，亦稱為阿拉維謝里夫勳章(Ouissam Alaouite Chérifien)。1934年式，流通與頒授時間約介於公元1926至1956年之間。為正章不便配戴時所替用的迷你版。

勳章正面為一枚五角星形章，各星芒以白色琺瑯為底，紅色琺瑯為邊，皆鑲金邊。星芒尖端則綴以金珠。各星芒角隅之間以綠色琺瑯棕櫚枝葉相連。中央圓章底色為紅色半透明琺瑯，色澤近橙紅，極為接近紅玉髓（carnaline）——一種被視為具有神秘護符力量、在摩洛哥傳統珠寶工藝中頗受珍視的玉髓類礦石。圓章金字鐫銘「الجلالة اليوسفية」(Aljalāla Alyoussoufiya)，即「優素福陛下」。五芒星（pentacle），在伊斯蘭文化中稱為 「穆罕馬斯」（moukhammas），因與「五功」、「五聖人」、「每日五次禮拜」等宗教元素相合，而被視為神聖的符號。至今五角星仍為摩洛哥國旗中的重要元素。

背面中央為金底圓章，其上飾以符合謝里夫王權傳統的、較深的紅色琺瑯，描繪謝里夫王權象徵的紅色華蓋(parasol chérifien)。華蓋圖案象徵蘇丹的最高統治權與神聖庇護，源自東方世界長久以來將華蓋視為天穹縮影與王者威儀的傳統。其餘設計與正面一致。

阿拉維勳章的綬帶原為單色橙色，雖非傳統伊斯蘭象徵色，但成為日後阿拉維勳章的基準色彩。公元1934年敕令中，改制為單色橙色為底，左右各加一條細白色直條紋。

阿拉維勳章分為五級：

1. 大綬章(Grand Cordon)：大綬加左胸銀質星章。
2. 大軍官級(Grand Officier)：大綬加右胸銀質星章。
3. 指揮官級(Commandeur)：領綬。
4. 軍官級(Officier)：襟綬加玫瑰結(rosette)。
5. 騎士級(Chevalier)：襟綬銀章。

阿拉維謝里夫勳章的直接前身為哈菲德勳章(Ouissam Hafidien)，創設於公元1910年，由「聖戰蘇丹」穆萊·阿卜杜·哈菲德於對抗歐洲勢力滲透、號召聖戰與維護伊斯蘭秩序的政治背景下設立。該勳章帶有強烈的宗教與抵抗象徵意涵，隨著公元1912年法國保護國體制建立與蘇丹退位，其政治基礎迅速瓦解，最終於公元1913年正式廢止。

公元1913年，法國扶植的新任蘇丹穆萊·優素福在法國駐摩洛哥專員呂奧泰的主導下，創設阿拉維謝里夫勳章，以取代哈菲德勳章。原則上係為參與摩洛哥佔領部隊之軍人所設，其後也納入為摩洛哥提供服務之文武職官員作為例外。公元1934年後，增加條件為於摩洛哥服役至少五年。

創設之時，勳章的頒授主要於三個穆斯林節慶期間舉行，分別為小開齋節(Aïd es-Séghir)、宰牲節(Aïd el-Kébir)與聖紀節(Aïd el-Mouloud)。

新勳章與哈菲德勳章形制類似，保留伊斯蘭形式與王權的象徵，卻在制度上全面納入法國行政體系。星芒上保留伊斯蘭信仰宣言(清真言，chaâda)。背面則使用謝里夫王權象徵的紅色華蓋(parasol chérifien)，整體設計在形式上強調蘇丹的宗教領導地位，同時也符合法國保護國政策下「藉由維持傳統以進行統治」的間接治理思路。

公元1926年起，原本出現在星芒上的清真言被移除，並未有任何官方文書宣告。可能是因為公元1925年呂奧泰的卸任，以及當時法國藉慶祝法屬阿爾及利亞成立一百週年，以及突尼西亞保護國建立五十週年，在北非強化其殖民存在。公元1934年，以敕令方式予以制度化，標誌勳章從「宗教—政治榮譽」轉向「世俗化的殖民榮譽制度」。相對於呂奧泰時期對宗教與傳統的尊重，新任殖民官員傾向削弱宗教符號在官方制度中的可見性。與此同時，綬帶形制亦有所調整，在原有橘色底上於左右加設白色條紋，以避免與法國榮譽軍團勳章混淆。

公元1954年，法國放逐蘇丹穆罕默德五世(Mohammed ben Youssef)，並由穆罕默德·本·阿拉法(Mohammed ben Arafa)接任。因而修改原｢優素福陛下｣，改為以王朝為名，較為抽象的「謝里夫陛下」，使勳章象徵由個人統治者轉向制度化王權。

公元1956年，摩洛哥獨立，阿拉維勳章成為王朝勳章，延續至今，形制未有更改。

從公元1913至今，甚至包括阿拉維勳章的前身哈菲德勳章，勳章的官方製造商均由巴黎手工珠寶商，私人公司阿圖斯·貝特朗(Maison Arthus Bertrand)專營，以野豬首或鷹首戳記作為記號，亦有提供各尺寸迷你版的選購。但勒梅特爾公司(Lemaitre)以及德朗德公司(Delande)等製造商，亦長期自行製作並販售其版本之該勳章徽章。其中德朗德公司以「MD」和展翅的蜜蜂戳記作為記號。