Item number: A4049

Reference number: Yan#742; DCD#141-6

Year: AD 1056-1063

Material: Bronze

Size: 23.3 x 23.7 x 1.2 mm

Weight: 3.75 g

Provenance: Spink 2023

This specimen is a Jiayou Yuanbao (嘉祐元寶), minted during the final era name used by Emperor Renzong (仁宗), the fourth emperor of the Northern Song (北宋) dynasty. Throughout the forty-one-year reign of Zhao Zhen (趙禎), known as Emperor Renzong (仁宗), nine era names were employed in succession.

The numismatic form follows the traditional round coin with a square central hole characteristic of the Sinosphere. The obverse inscription features the legend Jiayou Yuanbao (嘉祐元寶) in seal script, read in a clockwise sequence starting from the top. The inner border of the central hole exhibits a four-cornered radiating pattern, where the corners of the inner edge extend slightly outward along the diagonals. The character yuan (元) tilts slightly to the right. The reverse is plain, bearing no denominations or inscriptions. These specimens are predominantly excavated in Shaanxi (陝西). During the Song (宋) dynasty, many mints in Shaanxi were established following the outbreak of the Song–Xia (宋夏) wars—specifically from the Qingli (慶曆) era onwards. In contrast, most coins minted during the early Song period originated from the Yongping Mint (永平監) in Raozhou (饒州), the Yongfeng Mint (永豐監) in Chizhou (池州), the Guangning Mint (廣寧監) in Jiangzhou (江州), and the Fengguo Mint (豐國監) in Jianzhou (建州), all of which were situated in the southeast. Furthermore, additional mints of a smaller scale operated in the Capital (京師), as well as the Baoxing Mint (寶興監) in Hangzhou (杭州) and the mint in Shengzhou (升州).

Mintage during the Song dynasty employed the sand-casting method, although the specific procedural details remain obscure. Referencing Tiangong Kaiwu (天功開物) by Song Yingxing (宋應星) of the Ming dynasty, it is inferred that craftsmen first hand-carved a master mother coin. This was used to create a specific quantity of mother coins within sand moulds, which finally served as the patterns for casting currency for circulation. Through the continuous casting process, mother coins would sustain minute wear due to pressure from the moulding sand. This gradually affected the dimensions and the sharpness of the characters, resulting in thickened strokes and rounded transitions within the letterforms. In cases of private minting—where circulating coins were used as mothers for further sand casting—the degree of shrinkage and blurred inscriptions became even more severe. Driven by profit, private minters often produced coins that were thinner and lighter than official currency.

If the moulds were not properly aligned after joining, or if they were subjected to impact, a misaligned axis of the design might occur. After breaking the moulds to retrieve the solidified “coin tree,” craftsmen would detach the coins one by one and stack them, passing a bamboo or wooden strip through the central holes to facilitate simultaneous filing of the edges. If the strip was incorrectly positioned during this process, defects such as a blurred hole or a lozenge-shaped hole would manifest.

Zhao Zhen (趙禎), Emperor Renzong (仁宗), reigned from AD 1022–1063 as the fourth emperor of the Northern Song (北宋) dynasty. His reign was marked by national stability and relative social prosperity, historically lauded as the “Prosperous Reign of Renzong.” Politically, he promoted civil governance and employed eminent officials such as Fan Zhongyan (范仲淹), Bao Zheng (包拯), Han Qi (韓琦), and Ouyang Xiu (歐陽修) to advance reforms in the imperial examinations and bureaucracy. Although frequently opposed by conservative factions, these efforts laid the foundation for the subsequent Xining Reforms. Characterised by a generous and merciful temperament, Renzong was lenient toward his subordinates and adept at accepting remonstrance. Despite the emergence of factionalism, the overall political situation remained stable. During his tenure, he personally adjudicated wrongful imprisonments and advocated for Confucianism and frugality. Diplomatically, he maintained peace treaties with the Liao (遼) and Western Xia (西夏), avoiding large-scale warfare and securing border stability through the payment of annual subsidies, which defined the equilibrium of the mid-Northern Song period.

The monetary system of the Song dynasties was complex; officially circulated currency utilised both copper and iron, supplemented by paper notes. Silver also gradually assumed a position of importance. Copper coins varied in denomination from value-one to value-ten. Different circuits minted currency according to local demand—some utilised only copper, some only iron, and others used both. The calligraphic styles were diverse, encompassing regular, clerical, seal, and slender gold scripts. The simultaneous issuance of coins in multiple scripts began with the Chunhua Yuanbao (淳化元寶) under Emperor Taizong (太宗), while the introduction of “matched coins” (pairs with identical dimensions but different calligraphic styles) likely commenced with the Tiansheng Yuanbao (天聖元寶) during the reign of Renzong (仁宗).

物件編號: A4049

參考書目編號: Yan#742; DCD#141-6

年代: 公元 1056-1063 年

材質: 青銅

尺寸: 23.3 x 23.7 x 1.2 mm

重量: 3.75 g

來源: 斯賓客拍賣行 2023

這是北宋的第四位皇帝宋仁宗，以其使用的最後一個年號鑄造的「嘉祐元寶」。宋仁宗趙禎在位的41年間，先後使用過九個年號。

錢幣形制為漢文化圈傳統的方孔圓錢。正面錢文為篆書「嘉祐元寶」，自上而右旋讀。內廓呈四決紋，即錢穿內廓四角略微向對角線延伸。「元」字微微右傾。錢幣背面為光背，無任何面額與文字。主要於陝西出土，宋代陝西錢監多設於宋夏戰爭爆發以後，即慶曆以降。其餘宋初鑄錢多出於饒州永平監、池州永豐監、江州廣寧監、建州豐國監，均位於東南。此外還有京師鑄錢監、杭州寶興監、升州錢監等，規模則較小。

宋代鑄錢採用翻砂法，但具體工藝流程不詳。參考明代宋應星所撰《天工開物》，應為工匠手刻製作雕母后，再於砂模中翻製出一定數量的母錢，最後再以這些母錢鑄造出行用錢。在不斷翻鑄的過程中，母錢會受到砂模中型砂的擠壓，從而有微小的磨損。從而逐漸影響尺寸的大小和字口的清晰程度，形成筆劃變粗，字口轉折處變圓的效果。若是錢幣來自以行用錢為母錢再翻砂鑄造的私鑄者，錢幣縮水及文字模糊的程度會更加嚴重，由於私鑄者為追求利益，私鑄錢幣往往較行用錢更加輕薄。

合範後若未妥善對齊，或是遭撞擊等，可能會導致圖樣的偏軸。破開錢範取出已凝固的銅錢樹後，工匠會將錢幣一一摘斷並相疊，以竹木條貫穿中央，以利於一併磨銼。若貫穿時位置不正，即會出現花穿或菱穿現象。

宋仁宗趙禎，公元1022–1063年在位，為北宋第四位皇帝。仁宗統治時期國力穩定，社會相對繁榮，史稱「仁宗盛治」。政治上，他推崇文治，重用范仲淹、包拯、韓琦、歐陽修等名臣，推動科舉與制度改革，雖屢遭保守勢力反對，但為後世熙寧變法奠定基礎。仁宗性格寬厚仁慈，對臣下多寬容，善於納諫，儘管治下黨爭時起，但整體政局安定。他任內多次親自裁決冤獄，並提倡儒學與節儉。在外交上，最終決定與遼、西夏維持和議，避免大規模戰爭，透過歲幣換取邊境和平，形成北宋中期的穩定局面。

兩宋幣制複雜，正式行用的幣材便有銅鐵兩種，配合紙幣相權。白銀則逐漸佔有重要地位。銅幣面額折一至折十不等。各路依需求各自鑄錢，有些只用銅錢，有些只用鐵錢，有些銅鐵兼用。字體則楷書、隸書、篆書、瘦金體等不一而足。首度同時發行多書體錢幣，自太宗淳化元寶始，而首度發行對錢，即形制相仿但書體不同的系列錢幣，大概自仁宗天聖元寶始。