Item number: A4190

Year: AD 1890

Material: Gold (.875)

Size: 11.5 x 11.5 mm

Weight: 0.42 g recorded

Manufactured by: Cairo Mint

Provenance: Fuchin Coin 2020

This numismatic specimen is a gold coin issued in AD 1890 by Tewfik Pasha, the Khedive of Egypt, minted in the name of the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II. It bears a denomination of 5 Kurush.

The obverse of the coin features the central tughra (calligraphic monogram) of Abdul Hamid II, which reads: “عبد الحميد خان بن عبد المجيد، المظفر دائماً” (Abdulhamid Han bin Abdulmecid, el muzaffer daima)—translated as “Abdul Hamid Khan, son of Abdul Mejid, the ever-victorious.” To the right is the smaller honorary tughra suffix, “الغازي” (Al-Ghazi), meaning “The Warrior,” a prestigious title reserved for Muslim leaders who have waged successful campaigns against non-believers. Below the monogram is the denomination “٥ ش” (5 Qsh), an abbreviation for “خمسة قروش” (5 Kurush). The periphery is adorned with a distinctive double-stepped border.

The reverse displays the central inscription “ضرب في مصر” (Duriba fi Misr), meaning “Struck in Egypt.” At the lower edge, the date “١٢٩٣” (1293) refers to the Islamic Hijri year 1293, marking the Sultan’s accession, which corresponds to AD 1876. The numeral “١٦” (16) at the top denotes the 16th year of his reign, confirming the mintage date as AD 1890.

Abdul Hamid II ascended the throne in AD 1876 following the deposition of his brother, Murad V, on grounds of mental instability. Under intense pressure from the reformist Midhat Pasha, he promulgated the Empire’s first constitution, the Kanun-ı Esasi, that same year. However, his early reign was immediately besieged by the Russo-Turkish War of AD 1877. Following the Russian advance to San Stefano on the outskirts of Constantinople, the Empire was coerced into a humiliating treaty, resulting in the loss of territories in Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania. In February AD 1878, citing the national emergency, Abdul Hamid II dissolved Parliament indefinitely and suspended the constitution. He relocated the seat of government from Dolmabahçe Palace to the fortified Yıldız Palace, initiating three decades of absolute autocracy. He established a vast intelligence network, personally reviewing thousands of daily reports from secret informants and enforcing rigorous censorship.

Despite this political repression, he demonstrated significant administrative dynamism in infrastructure. He expanded the national telegraph network from 17,000 kilometres to over 30,000 kilometres, enabling the central government to project authority into remote provinces. In AD 1800, he launched a “Pan-Islamic” fundraising campaign to construct the Hejaz Railway, linking Damascus to Medina without reliance on European loans. Following his victory in the Greco-Turkish War of AD 1897, the title “الغازي” (Al-Ghazi) was formally incorporated into his tughra. In the sphere of education, he founded the Law School (Hukuk Mektebi), the School of Fine Arts (Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi), and numerous teacher-training colleges. In his private life, he was a master carpenter and an avid enthusiast of Western detective fiction, reportedly commissioning translations of many Sherlock Holmes stories for his evening readings. His era ended when the Young Turk Revolution of AD 1908 forced the restoration of the constitution. He was formally deposed in AD 1909 following the 31 March Incident, exiled to Thessaloniki, and eventually died at Beylerbeyi Palace in AD 1918.

During the early 19th century, the power vacuum left by the withdrawal of Napoleon’s forces precipitated a conflict between Ottoman central troops, Albanian mercenaries, and the Mamluk factions that had dominated Egypt for centuries. Muhammad Ali, an Albanian officer, adroitly exploited the dissatisfaction of Cairo’s citizenry and the ulama regarding the Mamluks’ brutal rule. In AD 1805, he compelled the Sultan to appoint him as Governor (Wali), subsequently assuming the title of Khedive. In AD 1811, he executed the infamous “Massacre at the Citadel” in Cairo, eliminating the remaining Mamluk leaders and consolidating a military dictatorship that empowered him to initiate modernising reforms. Upon being requested by the Ottomans to suppress the Greek War of Independence, his fleet was annihilated by British forces. After failing to secure compensation from Sultan Mahmud II, Ali unilaterally deployed his army to seize Syria. His forces were victorious along their route, but on the eve of marching upon Istanbul, the European powers intervened. Ultimately, he secured only hereditary rule over Egypt and the Hejaz, establishing the Muhammad Ali dynasty, also known as the Alawiyya dynasty.

Abbas Muhammad Tewfik Pasha assumed the role of Khedive of Egypt in AD 1879 after the British and French forced the abdication of his father, Isma’il Pasha. He inherited a state burdened by colossal debt, with its fiscal sovereignty effectively usurped by the Anglo-French Commission de la Dette Publique. In AD 1881, the nationalist officer Ahmed Urabi led a military demonstration at Abdeen Palace, forcing Tewfik to dismiss his cabinet and increase military spending; isolated, the Khedive was compelled to submit. Following anti-foreign riots in Alexandria in June AD 1882, Tewfik fled to Ras el-Tin Palace for the protection of foreign warships. Subsequently, the British bombarded Alexandria and defeated Urabi’s forces at the Battle of Tell el-Kebir in September, marking the beginning of a decades-long British occupation.

Under the stringent supervision of Lord Cromer, the British Consul-General, Tewfik’s executive authority was reduced to the ceremonial signing of decrees drafted by British advisors. During the severe cholera epidemic of AD 1883, Tewfik displayed personal courage by visiting hospitals to maintain public morale. Regarding territorial sovereignty, he presided over the collapse of Egyptian authority in the south due to the Mahdist War, eventually agreeing to the evacuation of Sudan in AD 1884 under British pressure. Throughout his tenure, he sought to reorganise Egypt’s educational and judicial systems, establishing vocational schools and restructuring the Mixed Tribunals. Despite being caught between the interests of competing great powers, he attempted to maintain the dignity of the Khedivial house within his limited sphere of influence. He passed away at his palace in Helwan on 7 January AD 1892, aged 40.

物件編號: A4190

年代: 公元 1890 年

材質: 金 (.875)

尺寸: 11.5 x 11.5 mm

重量: 紀錄為 0.42 g

製造地: 開羅

來源: 福君錢幣 2025

這是一枚公元1890年，埃及帕夏陶菲克以鄂圖曼土耳其蘇丹阿卜杜勒-哈米德二世的名義發行的金幣，面額5庫魯什。

錢幣正面中央為阿卜杜勒-哈米德二世的花押「عبد الحميد خان بن عبد المجيد، المظفر دائماً」(Abdulhamid Han bin Abdulmecid, el muzaffer daima)，意為「永遠的勝利者，阿卜杜勒-馬吉德之子，阿卜杜勒-哈米德汗」。右側的小花押「الغازي」(Al-Ghazi)，意為「聖戰者」，該頭銜為對異教徒發動過戰爭的穆斯林領導者所持有。下方為面額「٥ ش」(5 (Qir)sh)，即「五庫魯什的簡寫」。外緣有雙層階梯狀邊環。

錢幣背面中央為「ضرب في مصر」(Duriba fi Misr)，即「鑄於埃及」，下緣的「١٢٩٣」(1293)即伊斯蘭曆1293年，為蘇丹登基年份，相當於公元1876年。上緣的數字「١٦」(16)則是對應到登基第16年，相當於公元1890年。

公元1876年，阿卜杜勒-哈米德二世在其兄穆拉德五世因精神疾患被廢黜後即位。同年，在改革派米德哈特帕夏(Midhat Pasha)的強烈壓力下，他頒布了帝國首部憲法《基本法》(Kanun-ı Esasi)，但隨即於公元1877年面對俄土戰爭的爆發。當俄軍攻抵君士坦丁堡近郊的聖斯特凡諾後，帝國被迫簽署喪權辱國的條約，喪失了保加利亞、塞爾維亞、黑山與羅馬尼亞的領土。公元1878年2月，阿卜杜勒-哈米德二世以戰爭緊急狀態為由無限期解散議會並暫停憲法，將政治中心從多爾瑪巴赫切宮移往防禦嚴密的耶爾德茲宮(Yıldız Palace)，開啟了長達三十年的絕對專制。他建立起一套極其龐大的間諜系統，每日親自審閱數以千計由秘密警察呈報的線報，內容小至咖啡館議論大至官員私德，並實施極其嚴苛的言論審查。儘管政治高壓，他在基礎建設上展現高度行動力，將全國電報線路從1.7萬公里擴展至超過3萬公里，使中央政令能即時傳達至偏遠行省。公元1900年，他發起「全伊斯蘭捐款」建設希賈茲鐵路(Hejaz Railway)，在不依賴歐洲貸款的情況下連結大馬士革與麥地那。他在公元1897年希土戰爭中獲勝，並得以將「聖戰者」(Al-Ghazi)頭銜正式刻入花押。教育上，他創辦了法學院(Hukuk Mektebi)、美術學院(Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi)及多所教師培訓機構。私人生活中，他是一位技藝精湛的木工，在宮內設有私人作坊製作家具，且是一位資深的西方偵探小說迷，曾下令翻譯大量《福爾摩斯》系列故事供其夜間閱讀。公元1908年青年土耳其黨人發動革命，迫使其恢復憲法，隔年他在「331事件」後被正式廢黜，流放至塞薩洛尼基，最終於公元1918年在貝勒貝伊宮病逝。

公元1879年，阿拔斯·穆罕默德·陶菲克帕夏在英法兩國強迫其父伊斯梅爾帕夏(Isma’il Pasha)退位後，正式接任埃及赫迪夫(Khedive)。他接手的是一個債台高築、財政主權已被英法「債務委員會」實質接管的埃及。公元1881年，民族主義將領阿拉比帕夏(Ahmed Urabi)發動軍事示威，在開羅阿卜丁宮前迫使陶菲克解散內閣並增加軍費，陶菲克在無援情況下被迫屈服。公元1882年6月亞歷山大港爆發反外動亂，陶菲克逃往拉斯丁宮(Ras el-Tin Palace)尋求外國軍艦保護。隨後英軍砲轟亞歷山大港，並於9月的特爾埃爾凱比爾戰役中擊敗阿拉比軍隊，開啟了英國對埃及長達數十年的實質佔領。在克羅默勳爵(Lord Cromer)作為英國駐埃及總領事的嚴密監督下，陶菲克的日常行政權力被削弱至僅限於簽署由英國顧問草擬的法令。公元1883年，埃及爆發嚴重的霍亂流行，陶菲克堅持巡視醫院以穩定民心。然而在主權事務上，他見證了蘇丹馬赫迪起義導致埃及軍隊在南部慘敗，最終在英國壓力下於公元1884年同意撤出蘇丹領土。他在任內致力於重組埃及的教育與司法體系，成立了多所職業學校及改組混合法院(Mixed Tribunals)。儘管身處強權夾縫中，他仍試圖在有限空間內維持皇室尊嚴。他晚年體弱多病，於公元1892年1月7日在赫勒萬(Helwan)的宮殿中去世，年僅40歲。