Item number: A4192

Year: AD 1908

Material: Gold (.875)

Size: 13.0 x 13.0 mm

Weight: 0.8544 g recorded

Manufactured by: Cairo Mint

Provenance: Fuchin Coin 2025

This is a gold coin issued in AD 1890, struck by the Egyptian Khedive Abbas II in the name of the Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamid II, with a denomination of ten qirsh.

The obverse features the central tughra (calligraphic monogram) of Abdulhamid II, which reads “Abdulhamid Han bin Abdulmecid, el muzaffer daima” (عبد الحميد خان بن عبد المجيد，المظفر دائماً), signifying “Abdulhamid Khan, son of Abdulmejid, the victor ever”. To the right is the smaller tughra “Al-Ghazi” (الغازي), meaning “Warrior of the Faith”, a title held by Muslim leaders who waged war against non-believers. Below the monogram is the denomination “10 (Qir)sh” (١٠ ش), an abbreviation for ten qirsh. The outer edge of the coin is bordered by a double-stepped rim. The reverse features “Duriba fi Misr” (ضرب في مصر) at the centre, meaning “Struck in Egypt”. The numerals “1293” (١٢٩٣) at the lower edge refer to the Islamic year 1293 AH, the year of the Sultan’s accession, corresponding to AD 1876. The numeral “34” (٣٤) at the upper edge denotes the 34th regnal year, which corresponds to AD 1908.

In AD 1876, Abdulhamid II ascended the throne following the deposition of his brother, Murad V, on the grounds of mental illness. That same year, under significant pressure from the reformist Midhat Pasha, he promulgated the empire’s first constitution, the Basic Law (Kanun-ı Esasi), but immediately faced the outbreak of the Russo-Turkish War in AD 1877. When Russian forces reached San Stefano on the outskirts of Constantinople, the empire was compelled to sign a humiliating treaty, relinquishing territories in Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania. In February AD 1878, citing the wartime emergency, Abdulhamid II dissolved parliament indefinitely and suspended the constitution. He relocated the seat of government from Dolmabahçe Palace to the heavily fortified Yıldız Palace, inaugurating three decades of absolute autocracy. He established a pervasive espionage system, personally reviewing thousands of reports submitted daily by the secret police, ranging from café gossip to the private conduct of officials, while enforcing rigorous censorship. Despite this political repression, he demonstrated considerable initiative in infrastructure, expanding the national telegraph network from 17,000 kilometres to over 30,000 kilometres, enabling immediate communication of central decrees to remote provinces. In AD 1900, he launched the “Pan-Islamic Donation” to construct the Hejaz Railway, connecting Damascus and Medina without reliance on European loans. Following his victory in the Greco-Turkish War of AD 1897, he formally incorporated the title “Al-Ghazi” into his tughra. In education, he founded the School of Law (Hukuk Mektebi), the School of Fine Arts (Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi), and numerous teacher training institutions. In his private life, he was a skilled woodworker who maintained a personal workshop in the palace to craft furniture, and he was a devoted enthusiast of Western detective fiction, commissioning translations of numerous Sherlock Holmes stories for his evening reading. The Young Turk Revolution of AD 1908 forced the restoration of the constitution; a year later, following the “31 March Incident”, he was formally deposed and exiled to Thessaloniki, eventually dying at Beylerbeyi Palace in AD 1918.

During the early 19th century, the power vacuum left by the withdrawal of Napoleon’s forces precipitated a conflict between Ottoman central troops, Albanian mercenaries, and the Mamluk factions that had dominated Egypt for centuries. Muhammad Ali, an Albanian officer, adroitly exploited the dissatisfaction of Cairo’s citizenry and the ulama regarding the Mamluks’ brutal rule. In AD 1805, he compelled the Sultan to appoint him as Governor (Wali), subsequently assuming the title of Khedive. In AD 1811, he executed the infamous “Massacre at the Citadel” in Cairo, eliminating the remaining Mamluk leaders and consolidating a military dictatorship that empowered him to initiate modernising reforms. Upon being requested by the Ottomans to suppress the Greek War of Independence, his fleet was annihilated by British forces. After failing to secure compensation from Sultan Mahmud II, Ali unilaterally deployed his army to seize Syria. His forces were victorious along their route, but on the eve of marching upon Istanbul, the European powers intervened. Ultimately, he secured only hereditary rule over Egypt and the Hejaz, establishing the Muhammad Ali dynasty, also known as the Alawiyya dynasty.

Abbas II (Abbas Helmy II) was the final ruler of Egypt’s Muhammad Ali dynasty to hold the title of Khedive. Born in Alexandria in AD 1874, he was educated in Switzerland and subsequently studied military science and law at the Theresianum in Vienna. In AD 1892, at the age of seventeen, he succeeded his father, Tawfiq Pasha, following the latter’s sudden death. In contrast to his father’s accommodating approach toward Great Britain, the young Abbas II possessed idealistic and nationalist convictions, seeking to restore Egyptian sovereignty. Early in his reign, he attempted to dismiss the pro-British Prime Minister Mustafa Fahmi in favour of nationalist-inclined candidates, but he was met with forceful intervention and threats of deposition by Lord Cromer , the British Consul-General. Throughout his tenure, he secretly supported and funded the early nationalist movement led by Mustafa Kamel , while promoting the establishment of Cairo University (then known as the Egyptian University), railway construction, and agricultural reforms, such as the formal abolition of the corvée system. Although he adopted a more cooperative stance following a visit to Britain in AD 1900, he never relinquished his goal of independence. While his political career was relatively stable under Cromer’s successor, Eldon Gorst , his relationship with the hardliner Lord Kitchener was extremely acrimonious. Upon the outbreak of the First World War in AD 1914, Abbas II—then convalescing in Constantinople after surviving an assassination attempt—was accused by the British of siding with the hostile Ottoman Empire. On 19 December AD 1914, Britain unilaterally declared Egypt a protectorate, deposed Abbas II, and installed his uncle, Hussein Kamel , as Sultan. Abbas II spent his remaining years in exile, primarily in Switzerland, until his death in Geneva in AD 1944.

物件編號: A4192

年代: 公元 1908 年

材質: 金 (.875)

尺寸: 13.0 x 13.0 mm

重量: 紀錄為 0.8544 g

製造地: 開羅

來源: 福君錢幣 2025

這是一枚公元1890年，埃及赫迪夫阿拔斯二世以鄂圖曼土耳其蘇丹阿卜杜勒-哈米德二世的名義發行的金幣，面額10庫魯什。

錢幣正面中央為阿卜杜勒-哈米德二世的花押「عبد الحميد خان بن عبد المجيد، المظفر دائماً」(Abdulhamid Han bin Abdulmecid, el muzaffer daima)，意為「永遠的勝利者，阿卜杜勒-馬吉德之子，阿卜杜勒-哈米德汗」。右側的小花押「الغازي」(Al-Ghazi)，意為「聖戰者」，該頭銜為對異教徒發動過戰爭的穆斯林領導者所持有。下方為面額「١٠ ش」(10 (Qir)sh)，即「十庫魯什」的簡寫。外緣有雙層階梯狀邊環。

錢幣背面中央為「ضرب في مصر」(Duriba fi Misr)，即「鑄於埃及」，下緣的「١٢٩٣」(1293)即伊斯蘭曆1293年，為蘇丹登基年份，相當於公元1876年。上緣的數字「٣٤」(34)則是對應到登基第34年，相當於公元1908年。

公元1876年，阿卜杜勒-哈米德二世在其兄穆拉德五世因精神疾患被廢黜後即位。同年，在改革派米德哈特帕夏(Midhat Pasha)的強烈壓力下，他頒布了帝國首部憲法《基本法》(Kanun-ı Esasi)，但隨即於公元1877年面對俄土戰爭的爆發。當俄軍攻抵君士坦丁堡近郊的聖斯特凡諾後，帝國被迫簽署喪權辱國的條約，喪失了保加利亞、塞爾維亞、黑山與羅馬尼亞的領土。公元1878年2月，阿卜杜勒-哈米德二世以戰爭緊急狀態為由無限期解散議會並暫停憲法，將政治中心從多爾瑪巴赫切宮移往防禦嚴密的耶爾德茲宮(Yıldız Palace)，開啟了長達三十年的絕對專制。他建立起一套極其龐大的間諜系統，每日親自審閱數以千計由秘密警察呈報的線報，內容小至咖啡館議論大至官員私德，並實施極其嚴苛的言論審查。儘管政治高壓，他在基礎建設上展現高度行動力，將全國電報線路從1.7萬公里擴展至超過3萬公里，使中央政令能即時傳達至偏遠行省。公元1900年，他發起「全伊斯蘭捐款」建設希賈茲鐵路(Hejaz Railway)，在不依賴歐洲貸款的情況下連結大馬士革與麥地那。他在公元1897年希土戰爭中獲勝，並得以將「聖戰者」(Al-Ghazi)頭銜正式刻入花押。教育上，他創辦了法學院(Hukuk Mektebi)、美術學院(Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi)及多所教師培訓機構。私人生活中，他是一位技藝精湛的木工，在宮內設有私人作坊製作家具，且是一位資深的西方偵探小說迷，曾下令翻譯大量《福爾摩斯》系列故事供其夜間閱讀。公元1908年青年土耳其黨人發動革命，迫使其恢復憲法，隔年他在「331事件」後被正式廢黜，流放至塞薩洛尼基，最終於公元1918年在貝勒貝伊宮病逝。

公元19世紀初，拿破崙軍隊撤離後留下的權力真空，引發了鄂圖曼中央派遣軍、阿爾巴尼亞僱傭軍以及盤踞埃及數百年的馬穆魯克(Mamluk)集團之間的混戰。穆罕默德·阿里作為一名阿爾巴尼亞軍官，巧妙地利用開羅市民與教長(Ulama)對馬穆魯克殘酷統治的不滿，於公元1805年迫使蘇丹任命其為總督(wali)，並自行僭稱為赫迪夫(khedive)。公元1811年，阿里在開羅城堡發動著名的「宴會屠殺」，將殘存的馬穆魯克領袖一舉消滅，使阿里得以進行實質上的軍事獨裁，並使其有了進行現代化改革的權力。在受鄂圖曼邀請前往鎮壓希臘獨立戰爭時，所轄海軍被英軍全殲。阿里向鄂圖曼蘇丹馬哈茂德二世索賠未果，於是逕行出兵奪取敘利亞。阿里沿途所向皆捷，但在進軍伊斯坦堡前夕，歐洲列強介入調停，最終僅得到對埃及和漢志地區的世襲統治權，是為穆罕默德·阿里王朝，又稱為阿拉維王朝。

阿拔斯二世(Abbas II，全名阿拔斯·希爾米二世Abbas Hilmi II)是埃及穆罕默德·阿里王朝的最後一位擁有赫迪夫(khedive)頭銜的統治者。阿拔斯二世於1874年出生於亞歷山大港，曾在瑞士接受教育，並在維也納的特雷西亞軍校(Theresianum)研習軍事與法律。公元1892年，年僅17歲的他因父親陶菲克帕夏(Tawfiq Pasha)猝逝而繼位。與其父對英國較為順從的態度不同，年輕的阿拔斯二世富有理想與民族主義情懷，渴望恢復埃及的主權與尊嚴。他上任初期便試圖罷免親英派總理法赫米(Mustafa Fahmi)，改任用民族主義傾向的候選人，卻遭到當時英國駐埃及全權代表、人稱「埃及無冕王」的克羅默勳爵(Lord Cromer)的強力干預與廢黜威脅。他在任內秘密支持並資助了由穆斯塔法·卡米勒(Mustafa Kamel)領導的早期民族主義運動，並推動了開羅大學(當時稱埃及大學)的建立、鐵路建設及農業改革，如正式廢除強迫勞役(Corvée)等制度。儘管在公元1900年訪問英國後，他曾展現出一定的合作姿態，但他始終不曾放棄獨立的目標。阿拔斯二世的政治生涯在繼任克羅默的戈斯特(Eldon Gorst)時期一度較為平穩，但隨後與強硬派的基奇納(Lord Kitchener)關係極其惡劣。公元1914年第一次世界大戰爆發時，正在君士坦丁堡療養並遭遇暗殺受傷的阿拔斯二世，被英國指控投靠敵對的鄂圖曼帝國。同年12月19日，英國單方面宣告埃及為保護國，並廢黜了阿拔斯二世，改立其叔父海珊·卡米勒為蘇丹。阿拔斯二世餘生流亡於瑞士等地，直至1944年在日內瓦逝世。