Item number: M539

Reference number: Borna Barac II#

Year: AD 1897-1908

Material: Bronze

Size: 38.7 x 38.7 x 3.4 mm

Weight: 32.05 g

Manufactured by: The Royal Mint, London

Provenance: Aberdeen Medals 2026

This is a trial specimen of the Khedive’s Sudan Medal, instituted in AD 1897 by Abbas II, presented here in a rim-only version without a suspension mount.

The medal is circular in form. The obverse depicts at its centre the shield of the Muhammad Ali dynasty of Egypt, bearing three crescents each enclosing a star, with the rim of the shield surrounded by sixteen five-pointed stars. The armorial shield is flanked by a military trophy comprising bundles of flags, spears, rifles, and crossed cannon barrels, with a pyramid of cannonballs stacked at the base. A cartouche below is inscribed in Arabic with ‘Istirja’ as-Sudan’ (استرجاع السودان), signifying the ‘Reconquest of the Sudan’, whilst an underlying scroll bears the Hijri year ‘١٣١٤’ (AH 1314), corresponding to circa AD 1897.

The reverse features the tughra of Abbas II at the centre, composed of the Arabic calligraphy ‘Abbas Hilmi Basha Thani’ (عباس حلمي باشا ثاني), meaning ‘Abbas Hilmi Pasha II’. Below this, the inscription ‘Sanat 1314’ (سنة ١٣١٤) denotes the ‘Year 1314’.

On suspended specimens, the ribbon consists of three equal vertical stripes of amber yellow, blue, and amber yellow, upon which campaign clasps were affixed. Silver medals were generally awarded to British and Egyptian soldiers, whilst bronze medals were conferred upon non-combatant camp followers and logistical personnel supporting the operations.

The decoration was instituted on 12 February AD 1897 by decree of Khedive Abbas II to commemorate the service of military combatants and non-combatant logistical personnel of the Anglo-Egyptian forces under the command of British General Herbert Kitchener during the suppression of the Mahdist uprising and the reconquest of the Sudan. Eligibility was subsequently extended to cover operations against the remnants of the Mahdists and the Sultanate of Darfur.

Abbas II (full name Abbas Hilmi II) was the final ruler of the Muhammad Ali dynasty of Egypt to bear the title of Khedive. Born in Alexandria in AD 1874, Abbas II was educated in Switzerland and read military affairs and jurisprudence at the Theresianum in Vienna. In AD 1892, at the age of seventeen, he succeeded to the khedivate following the sudden death of his father, Tawfiq Pasha. In contrast to his father’s compliant stance towards Great Britain, the young Abbas II harboured fervent nationalist ideals and aspired to restore Egyptian sovereignty and dignity. Early in his reign, he attempted to dismiss the pro-British Prime Minister, Mustafa Fahmi, in favour of a nationalist-leaning candidate, but was met with forceful intervention and the threat of deposition from Lord Cromer, the British Consul-General and de facto ruler of Egypt. Throughout his tenure, he covertly supported and funded the nascent nationalist movement led by Mustafa Kamel, whilst sponsoring the establishment of Cairo University (then the Egyptian University), railway expansion, and agricultural reforms, including the formal abolition of the corvée labour system. Although he adopted a more conciliatory posture following an official visit to Britain in AD 1900, he never relinquished his pursuit of independence. Abbas II enjoyed a comparatively stable political relationship during the administration of Cromer’s successor, Sir Eldon Gorst, but relations deteriorated sharply with the hard-line Lord Kitchener. Upon the outbreak of the First World War in AD 1914, whilst convalescing in Constantinople following an assassination attempt, Abbas II was accused by Britain of adhering to the hostile Ottoman Empire. On 19 December of the same year, Great Britain unilaterally declared Egypt a protectorate, deposed Abbas II, and elevated his uncle, Hussein Kamel, as Sultan. Abbas II spent the remainder of his life in exile, principally in Switzerland, until his death in Geneva in AD 1944.

物件編號: M539

參考書目編號: Borna Barac II#110

年代: 公元 1897-1908年

材質: 青銅

製造地: 皇家鑄幣廠，倫敦

來源: Aberdeen Medals 2026

這是一枚埃及赫迪夫蘇丹獎章，於公元1897年由阿拔斯二世設立。為無掛扣版本。

章體呈圓型。中央為埃及穆罕默德·阿里王朝盾徽，內含「三新月抱星」圖案，盾牌邊緣環繞十六顆五角星。盾徽周圍飾有成束的軍旗、長矛、步槍與交叉加農砲管，底部堆疊砲彈。底部方匾鐫有阿拉伯文 「استرجاع السودان」（Istirja’ as-Sudan），即為「收復蘇丹」，下方捲軸標註伊斯蘭曆年份 「١٣١٤」(AH 1314)，相當於公元約1897年。

背面中央為為阿拔斯二世的花押（Tughra），由阿拉伯文 「عباس حلمي باشا ثاني」（Abbas Hilmi Basha Thani），組成，意即「阿拔斯·希爾米帕夏二世」。底部「سنة ١٣١٤」（Sanat 1314）即「1314年」。

於有懸掛的版本，其綬帶為三等分的黃-藍-黃三色。綬帶上會有戰役銘牌（clasps）。一般而言，銀質獎章頒予英國或埃及士兵，銅質獎章則頒予支援戰役的後勤人員。

該章由埃及赫迪夫阿拔斯二世於公元1897年2月12日下令設立，旨在表彰英埃聯軍在英國將領赫伯特·基奇納（Herbert Kitchener）將軍指揮下鎮壓馬赫迪起義、收復蘇丹各戰役的參戰軍事人員與非戰鬥後勤人員。後續涵括了對於馬赫迪殘部，達爾富爾蘇丹國的鎮壓。

阿拔斯二世（Abbas II，全名阿拔斯·希爾米二世，Abbas Hilmi II）是埃及穆罕默德·阿里王朝的最後一位擁有赫迪夫（khedive）頭銜的統治者。阿拔斯二世於公元1874年出生於亞歷山大港，曾在瑞士接受教育，並在維也納的特雷西亞軍校（Theresianum）研習軍事與法律。公元1892年，年僅17歲的他因父親陶菲克帕夏（Tawfiq Pasha）猝逝而繼位。與其父對英國較為順從的態度不同，年輕的阿拔斯二世富有理想與民族主義情懷，渴望恢復埃及的主權與尊嚴。他上任初期便試圖罷免親英派總理法赫米（Mustafa Fahmi)，改任用民族主義傾向的候選人，卻遭到當時英國駐埃及全權代表、人稱「埃及無冕王」的克羅默勳爵（Lord Cromer）的強力干預與廢黜威脅。他在任內秘密支持並資助了由穆斯塔法·卡米勒(Mustafa Kamel)領導的早期民族主義運動，並推動了開羅大學（當時稱埃及大學）的建立、鐵路建設及農業改革，如正式廢除強迫勞役（Corvée）等制度。儘管在公元1900年訪問英國後，他曾展現出一定的合作姿態，但他始終不曾放棄獨立的目標。阿拔斯二世的政治生涯在繼任克羅默的戈斯特（Eldon Gorst）時期一度較為平穩，但隨後與強硬派的基奇納（Lord Kitchener）關係極其惡劣。公元1914年第一次世界大戰爆發時，正在君士坦丁堡療養並遭遇暗殺受傷的阿拔斯二世，被英國指控投靠敵對的鄂圖曼帝國。同年12月19日，英國單方面宣告埃及為保護國，並廢黜了阿拔斯二世，改立其叔父海珊·卡米勒為蘇丹。阿拔斯二世餘生流亡於瑞士等地，直至1944年在日內瓦逝世。