Item number: A4725

Reference number: ÉH#745a

Year: AD 1529

Material: Silver

Size: 14.8 x 13.3 mm

Manufactured by: Kremnica Mint

Provenance: Fuchin Coin 2026

This is a silver denar (dénár) struck in AD 1529 in the name of Ferdinand I, King of Hungary. Within the traditional Hungarian monetary system of the period, official standard accounting generally equated 100 silver denars with one gold forint (forint / Goldgulden), whilst one denar was equivalent to two obols (obol). In the first half of the sixteenth century, the garas (groschen), functioning as fractional currency, was valued at approximately five denars; meanwhile, the silver standard of the newly emerging large, heavy silver coinage—the Guldiner (gold groschen) and the subsequent thaler (Thaler)—was likewise broadly anchored to the value of one gold forint (roughly equivalent to 90 to 100 denars). In subsequent currency comparisons with Austria and the various estates of the Holy Roman Empire, conversions were also frequently mediated via the Kreuzer.

The centre of the coin’s obverse bears the coat of arms of Ferdinand I, featuring an inescutcheon with the Austrian fess (a horizontal band across the shield), which represents the Archduchy of Austria. The larger escutcheon supporting the inescutcheon is quartered: the upper-left quadrant displays multiple red and white horizontal bars (barry of eight, argent and gules) representing the Árpád dynasty, founders of the Kingdom of Hungary; the upper-right quadrant features the patriarchal double cross, symbolising the Hungarian sovereign; the lower-left quadrant depicts three crowned leopards’ heads (or lions’ heads) facing frontally (affronté), denoting the region of Dalmatia (situated along the Adriatic coast of present-day Croatia); and the lower-right quadrant exhibits the crowned, double-tailed lion rampant of the Kingdom of Bohemia. The shield is curved and enclosed within a beaded inner border, encircled by the abbreviated Latin legend “FERDINAND · D · G · R · VNG” (representing Ferdinandus Dei Gratia Rex Ungariae, signifying “Ferdinand, by the Grace of God, King of Hungary”), with the year of issue, “1529”, inscribed above.

On the centre of the reverse sits a full-length enthroned figure of the Virgin Mary, wearing a crown and cradling the Christ Child in her left arm. Flanking the figure is the inscription “K — B”, which denotes the mintmark “K” for the Kremnica Mint (known in Hungarian as Körmöcbánya) and the private mark “B” of Bernhard Behem, the mint master; after AD 1540, the mintmark for this facility was largely standardised as “K — B”. The central motif is enclosed within a beaded circle, encircled by the outer Latin legend “PATRONA VNGARIE”, signifying “Patroness of Hungary”.

Established in AD 1328 and situated in present-day Slovakia, the Kremnica Mint is one of the oldest continuously operating mints in Europe. Due to the abundant local gold and silver deposits, the mint served as the primary centre of coin production for the medieval Kingdom of Hungary; between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries, it struck substantial quantities of gold forints/florins (forint / florin) and ducats, earning renown throughout Europe for its superior purity and uniform quality. Under the Habsburg dynasty (from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century), the mint remained one of the imperial realm’s principal facilities, adopting mechanised minting techniques during the nineteenth century. Following the establishment of Czechoslovakia in AD 1918, it served as the state’s official mint, continuing to produce the national coinage after Slovakia’s independence in AD 1993, and undertaking the minting of Slovak euro coins from AD 2009 onwards. The facility remains operational today, producing circulating currency alongside commemorative coins and metallic artefacts for numerous nations.

During the reign of Hungary’s first king, Stephen I (r. AD 1000–1038), the striking of silver denars was inaugurated, establishing an exemplary reputation for monetary integrity. In the fourteenth century, Charles I (Charles Robert) introduced monetary reforms, adopting the gold forint modelled after the Florentine fiorino d’oro, and minting the garas as higher-denomination fractional specie. In the fifteenth century, Matthias Corvinus (Hunyadi Mátyás, r. AD 1458–1490) reformed the monetary system, consolidating a stable currency structure and introducing the image of the Virgin Mary onto the denar for the first time, thereby establishing it as a defining motif of Hungarian coin design. Under Habsburg rule, the monetary conventions of the Holy Roman Empire increasingly permeated the realm, and the Kreuzer (known in Hungarian as krajcár) became a ubiquitous fractional denomination. The Austro-Bavarian Monetary Convention of AD 1753 established the Conventionsthaler system, whereby the circulating primacy of the denar was progressively superseded by the Kreuzer; nevertheless, the Kremnica Mint continued to issue small-denomination copper denars until circa AD 1794. In AD 1816, the Oesterreichische Nationalbank was formally established. This monetary framework persisted until AD 1857, when Austria introduced decimalisation, during which the Kreuzer became exclusively a copper coin; it remained in circulation across Habsburg-ruled Hungarian territories until its final demonetisation following the adoption of the gold-standard korona (korona / crown) system in AD 1892.

Ferdinand I (AD 1503–1564) was a pivotal sovereign of the Habsburg dynasty who established its dominion across Central Europe, reigning as Archduke of Austria, King of Hungary, and King of Bohemia, before being crowned Holy Roman Emperor in AD 1558. The second son of King Philip I of Castile and Queen Joanna, he was born in Alcalá de Henares, Spain, and assumed governance of the Habsburg hereditary lands in Austria from AD 1521. In AD 1526, Louis II, King of Hungary and Bohemia, fell in the Battle of Mohács against the invading Ottoman forces; through his matrimonial alliance with Louis’s sister, Anne of Bohemia and Hungary, Ferdinand claimed succession to both thrones. Nevertheless, his rule in Hungary was fiercely contested by the Voivode of Transylvania, John Zápolya, provoking prolonged conflict over the Hungarian crown. In the wars against the Ottoman Empire, Vienna was besieged in AD 1529 by an army led by Suleiman the Magnificent; when Ottoman forces advanced again in AD 1532, their progress was checked by the valiant defence of the fortress of Kőszeg, forcing their withdrawal and leaving Ferdinand in effective control only of western and northern Hungary. In ecclesiastical affairs, acting on behalf of his elder brother Emperor Charles V, Ferdinand mediated tensions between Catholic and Protestant factions, instrumental in concluding the Peace of Augsburg in AD 1555, which affirmed the principle of cuius regio, eius religio (“whose realm, his religion”). Following the abdication of Charles V in AD 1556, Ferdinand assumed imperial administration with the assent of the Prince-Electors, formally acceding as Holy Roman Emperor in AD 1558, and died in Vienna in AD 1564.

物件編號: A4725

參考書目編號: ÉH#745a

年代: 公元 1529 年

材質: 銀

尺寸: 14.8 x 13.3 mm

製造地: 克雷姆尼察鑄幣廠

來源: 福君錢幣 2026

這是一枚公元1529年，以匈牙利國王斐迪南一世之名發行的代納爾（Dénár）銀幣。在當時匈牙利的傳統貨幣體系中，官方標準記帳通常以100枚銀代納爾折合1金福林（Forint / Goldgulden）；1枚代納爾等於2枚奧波爾（Obol）。作為輔幣的格羅申（Garas）在十六世紀前半期約折合5代納爾；而當時新興的大型重銀幣「金格羅申（Guldiner）」與後來的「塔勒（Thaler）」，其銀含量基準亦大致錨定於1金福林（約折合90至100代納爾）。在後續與神聖羅馬帝國各邦及奧地利的貨幣對照中，亦常藉由克羅伊策（Kreuzer）作為中介折算。

銀幣的正面中央為斐迪南一世之紋章，中央小盾徽為一橫帶槓於盾中，代表奧地利大公國。承托小盾徽的較大盾徽分為四個象限：左上象限的多條紅白橫帶，代表創立匈牙利王國的阿爾帕德王朝；右上象限為代表匈牙利統治者的雙十字；左下象限為三枚戴冠且正視前方的金獅首（或稱豹首），代表達爾馬提亞地區（位於今克羅埃西亞亞得里亞海沿岸）；右下象限為戴冠雙尾人立雄獅，代表波希米亞王國。盾徽為曲邊，以連珠圈環繞，外圈拉丁簡寫幣文為「FERDINAND · D · G · R · VNG」（即 Ferdinandus Dei Gratia Rex Ungariae），意為「斐迪南，蒙上帝恩典，匈牙利國王」；上方之「1529」標示了發行年份。

銀幣的背面中央則是聖母瑪利亞全身坐像，頭戴冠冕，左手環抱聖子耶穌。人像兩側銘文「K — B」，分別代表克雷姆尼察（Kremnica，匈牙利語稱 Körmöcbánya）鑄幣廠的廠標「K」，以及鑄幣局局長貝恩哈德·貝赫姆（Bernhard Behem）的私印「B」；公元1540年後該廠之造幣廠標記大多固定為「K — B」。圖案外圍以連珠圈環繞，外圈拉丁幣文為「PATRONA VNGARIE」，意為「匈牙利的主保聖人」。

克雷姆尼察鑄幣廠（Kremnica Mint）成立於公元1328年，位於今斯洛伐克境內，是歐洲歷史最悠久且持續運營至今的鑄幣廠之一。該廠因當地豐富的金銀礦藏而成為中世紀匈牙利王國的貨幣生產中心，公元14至16世紀大量鑄造福林/弗羅林金幣（Forint / Florin）與達克特金幣（Ducat），以高純度與穩定品質聞名全歐。哈布斯堡王朝時期（公元16至19世紀），該廠持續作為帝國核心造幣廠之一，並於19世紀引進機械化技術。捷克斯洛伐克於公元1918年成立後，該廠成為官方鑄幣機構；公元1993年斯洛伐克獨立後繼續生產該國貨幣，自公元2009年起負責斯洛伐克歐元硬幣的鑄造。目前該廠仍在運作，除生產流通貨幣外，亦承接多國紀念幣與金屬工藝品的製造。

匈牙利首位國王伊什特萬一世（公元1000至1038年在位）任內始鑄代納爾銀幣，奠定了極佳的貨幣信譽。公元14世紀，查理一世（Károly Róbert）推行貨幣改革，引入仿照佛羅倫斯金幣的金福林，並鑄造格羅申作為高階輔幣。公元15世紀，匈雅提·馬加什一世（Hunyadi Mátyás，公元1458至1490年在位）進行幣制改革，確立了穩定的貨幣體系，並首次在代納爾上引入聖母瑪利亞形象，使其成為匈牙利貨幣設計的核心元素。在哈布斯堡王朝統治時期，神聖羅馬帝國貨幣制度逐漸滲入，克羅伊策（Kreuzer，匈牙利語稱Krajcár）成為普遍流通的輔幣。公元1753年《奧地利-巴伐利亞貨幣公約》確立了公約塔勒體系，代納爾的流通地位逐步被克羅伊策取代，但克雷姆尼察廠仍持續生產代納爾小額銅幣直至約公元1794年前後。公元1816年奧地利國家銀行正式成立；此體系延續至公元1857年奧地利推行十進制改革，克羅伊策全面由銅幣充任，並持續在哈布斯堡統治下的匈牙利地區流通，直至公元1892年推行金本位「克朗（Korona）體系」後才正式退出歷史舞台。

斐迪南一世（生卒公元1503–1564年）為哈布斯堡王朝奠定中歐統治版圖的關鍵君主，歷任奧地利大公、匈牙利與波希米亞國王，並於公元1558年加冕為神聖羅馬帝國皇帝。他是卡斯提亞國王腓力一世與胡安娜女王的次子，出生於西班牙阿爾卡拉-埃納雷斯，公元1521年起接掌哈布斯堡在奧地利的世襲領地。公元1526年，匈牙利與波希米亞國王拉約什二世在抵抗土耳其大軍的莫哈赤戰役中陣亡，斐迪南透過與拉約什二世之妹安娜的婚姻關係繼承兩國王位。然而，他在匈牙利的統治受到外西凡尼亞總督扎波堯伊·亞諾什的強烈挑戰，雙方爭奪匈牙利王位並引發長期衝突。在與鄂圖曼帝國的戰爭中，維也納曾於公元1529年遭到蘇萊曼大帝親率大軍圍攻，公元1532年土軍再度進犯時則受阻於克塞格要塞保衛戰後撤退，斐迪南最終僅能有效控制匈牙利西部與北部。在宗教事務方面，斐迪南代表其兄查理五世調解天主教與新教矛盾，促成公元1555年簽訂《奧格斯堡和約》，確立「教隨君定」原則。查理五世於公元1556年宣布退位後，斐迪南接管帝國政務並獲選帝侯承認，於公元1558年正式即位為神聖羅馬帝國皇帝，公元1564年逝於維也納。